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Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing noncommunicable disease. Diabetes mellitus is causes due to destruction of pancreatic beta cell or due to insulin resistance and characterised by hyperglycaemia. Diabetes imposes a very serious economic crisis as the diabetic drug market is growing very rapidly. Even after very path breaking scientific discoveries, availability of a better healthcare infrastructure, rise in literacy rates, the diabetes burden is continuously spreading in various sections all over the worlds but more especially in low- and middle-income countries. The recent development in scientific discoveries have given a number of new generations of antidiabetic medicines such as sulphonylurea, biguanides, thiazolidinedione, alpha glucosidease inhibitors. All these drugs have proved significant reduction in blood glucose level. There are some new classes of hypoglycaemic drugs have also been developed and reported such as GLP-1 analogous, DPP-IV inhibitors, amylin inhibitors, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. There are some active molecules and bioactive substances have been purified from herbs and plants which adds values to the war against diabetes. These phytoconstituents have overturned the drug development and lead identification for drug against diabetes. The review also focusses on some critical area of diabetes with more focus on statin-based diabetes management approach and stem cell therapy based next generation antidiabetic therapy.

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1. Background Citrus plants are prone to infection by different viroids which deteriorate their vigor and production. Citrus viroid V (CVd-V) is among the six citrus viroids, belongs to genus Apscaviroid (family Pospiviroidae) which induces symptoms of mild necrotic lesions and cracks. II. Methods and ResultsA survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of CVd-V in core and non-core citrus cultivated areas of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 154 samples from different citrus cultivars were tested for CVd-V infection by RT-PCR. The results revealed 66.66% disease incidence of CVd-V. Citrus cultivars Palastinia Sweet lime, Roy Ruby, Olenda Valencia, Kaghzi lime, and Dancy were identified as new citrus hosts of CVd-V for the first time from Pakistan. The viroid infection was confirmed by biological indexing on indicator host Etrog citron. The reported primers used for the detection of CVd-V did not amplified, rather showed non-specific amplification, which led to the designing of new primers. Sequencing analysis confirmed the new host of CVd-V showing 98 - 100% nucleotide sequence homology with those reported previously from other countries while 100% sequence homology to the isolates reported from Pakistan. Based on phylogenetic analysis using all CVd-V sequences in GenBank, two main CVd-V groups (I and II) were identified, and newly identified sequences during this study fall in the group I. All isolates of Pakistan showed high sequence homology with other isolates of CVd-V from Iran and USA whereas; the isolates from China, Japan, Tunisia, and Africa are distantly related. It is evident that CVd-V is spreading in all citrus cultivars. III. ConclusionThe study revealed that there are some changes in the nucleotide sequences CVd-V which made difficult for their detection using reported primers. Whereas, new back-to-back designed primers (CVd-V AF1/CVd-V AR1) detected CVd-V successfully and obtained an expected amplified product of CVd-V with 294bp. Palastinia Sweet lime, Roy Ruby, Olenda Valencia, Kaghzi lime, and Dancy were identified as new citrus hosts of CVd-V for the first time from Pakistan with these newly designed primers.