No abstract
(Development and some histochemical aspects of foliar glandular trichomes of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bert.-Asteraceae). The ten-celled biseriate glandular trichome of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bert.-Asteraceae, found on both leaf surfaces, originates from a single protruding, protodermal cell undergoing an anticlinal division. A subsequent series of periclinal divisions, occurring in acropetal sequence, leads to the formation of the trichome, composed of five pairs of cells, one pair of basal cells, another of stalk cells and three pairs of secretory head cells. Developing, still two-celled glandular trichomes already occur on leaf primordia of the second pair (these primordia measuring, in some cases, ca. 0.30 mm in length), and most of the glandular trichomes are at the mature phase on very young, expanding leaves, for example on those of the sixth pair. The secretory material released by the head cells is stored in the trichome cavity (subcuticular space). Basic histochemical tests reveal that such material is lipophilic (mainly) and hydrophilic in nature. RESUMO-(Desenvolvimento e alguns aspectos histoquímicos de tricomas glandulares decacelulares bisseriados de Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bert.-Asteraceae). O tricoma glandular decacelular bisseriado de Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bert.-Asteraceae, encontrado em ambas as superfícies da folha, origina-se a partir de uma célula protodérmica protuberante que sofre uma divisão anticlinal. Uma subseqüente série de divisões periclinais, ocorrendo em seqüência acrópeta, leva à formação do tricoma, composto por cinco pares de células: um par de células basais, um outro de células pedunculares e três pares de células secretoras da cabeça. Tricomas glandulares em desenvolvimento, ainda com duas células, já ocorrem em primórdios foliares do segundo par (estes primórdios medindo, em alguns casos, cerca de 0,30 mm em comprimento) e, em sua maioria, estão em fase madura em folhas muito jovens, ainda em expansão, como naquelas do sexto par. O material de secreção, liberado pelas células da cabeça, é armazenado na cavidade do tricoma (espaço subcuticular). Testes histoquímicos básicos revelam que, em sua natureza, tal material é lipofílico (principalmente) e hidrofílico.
Seeds of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Leguminosae) have an endosperm which accumulates galactomannan as a storage polysaccharide in the cell walls. After germination, it is hydrolysed by three enzymes: α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), endo-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) and β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25). This work aimed at studying the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on galactomannan degradation during and after germination. Seeds were imbibed in water or in 10 −4 M ABA, and used to evaluate the effect of exogenous and endogenous ABA. Tissue printing was used to follow biochemical events by detecting and localising endo-β-mannanase in different tissues of the seed. The presence of exogenous ABA provoked a delay in the cellular disassembly of the endosperm and disappearance of endo-β-mannanase in the tissue. This led to a delay in galactomannan degradation. The testa (seed coat) of S. virgata contains endogenous ABA, which decreases ca. fourfold during storage mobilisation after germination, permitting the galactomannan degradation in the endosperm. Furthermore, endo-β-mannanase was immunolocalised in the testa, which has a living cell layer. The ABA appears to modulate storage mobilisation in the legume seed of S. virgata, and a cause-effect relationship between Communicated by U. Lüttge ABA (probably through testa) and activities of hydrolases is proposed.
Trichome-like colleters seem to be a widespread character in Epidendroideae, and digitiform colleters are possibly the common type in this subfamily. Mucilage from IEOW colleters may aid in the establishment of symbiotic fungi necessary for seed germination. The presence of colleters in the IEOW may be a case of homeoheterotopy, in which extrafloral nectaries that produce simple sugar-based secretions (as in other orchid species) have changed to glands that produce secretions with complex polysaccharides, as in Pleurothallidinae.
-(Effects of air and soil pollution on the root system of the Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae): arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and morphology) in Atlantic Forest area. The effects of atmospheric pollutants, originated from the industrial region of Cubatão, São Paulo State, were analysed on plants of Tibouchina pulchra from three areas with different types of pollutants. Root systems were used from passive and active monitoring specimens, and open-top-chambers (filtrated and no-filtrated air) specimens too. It was possible to evaluate the quantitative data from the root systems, the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) diversity, the mycorrhizal colonization percentage and the spores quantity in the rhizosphere soil. The results showed that in the most polluted area the specimens have: -increase in the mycorrhizal colonization percentages; -more VAM species diversity and quantity; -redution tendency in the root system development, especially in the wood roots length; -increase tendency in the fine roots quantity. These results demonstrate that the species studied is tolerant to the stress caused from the pollutants, with redution of the tolerance when the action of atmospheric pollutants takes place together the action of soil pollutants.Key words -biomonitoring, mycorrhizal colonization, pollution, root system, VAM diversity RESUMO -(Efeitos da poluição aérea e edáfica no sistema radicular de Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae): associações micorrízicas arbusculares e morfologia) em área de Mata Atlântica. O efeito dos poluentes aéreos, oriundos do complexo industrial de Cubatão, Estado de São Paulo, foi analisado em plantas de Tibouchina pulchra de três áreas com diferentes níveis de poluição. Utilizaram-se sistemas radiculares de espécimes dos biomonitoramentos passivo e ativo, além daqueles das câmaras de topo aberto (ar filtrado e ar não filtrado). Dados quantitativos do sistema radicular, a diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), a porcentagem de colonização das raízes e a quantidade de esporos presentes no solo da rizosfera foram avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram haver nos indivíduos sujeitos aos maiores índices de poluição: -aumento da colonização micorrízica arbuscular; -maiores diversidade e abundância de espécies de FMAs; -tendência de redução no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, principalmente em relação ao comprimento e às raízes lenhosas; -tendência de aumento na quantidade de raízes de pequeno calibre. Os resultados confirmaram a tolerância da espécie ao estresse causado pelos poluentes, demonstrando que essa tolerância pode ser reduzida quando a ação dos mesmos ocorre pelas vias aérea e edáfica.Palavras-chave -biomonitoramento, colonização micorrízica, diversidade de FMAs, poluição, sistema radicular Introdução O município de Cubatão se encontra no litoral da cidade de São Paulo onde, em sua área e adjacências, se localizam indústrias petroquímicas, de fertilizantes, de cimento e outras igualmente poluidoras que se instalaram no local ao red...
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