The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily cold water immersion (CWI) on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball. Six players were submitted to CWI and six players to a placebo, during 5 training days. Thigh circumference, squat jump, and agility were measured on the 1, 3 and 6 days. On the 1 and 6 days, blood and saliva were collected for analysis of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory and hormonal levels. Muscle soreness and countermovement jump were quantified daily. The physical performance comparisons did not present differences and the only between group comparison with a large effect size (ES = -1.39) was in Δ% between day 1 and day 2 for CMJ. DOMS and creatine kinase increased in both groups and the ES of between group comparisons of Δ% between moments were not more than moderate. Thigh circumference increased only in the placebo group (P = 0.04) and the ES of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments was large (1.53). No differences were found in oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. Cortisol decreased only in the CWI-group (P < 0.05) and the ES of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments of the testosterone/cortisol ratio (- 1.94) and IGF-1 (- 1.34) were large. Despite the positive effects of daily CWI on muscle edema and hormonal status, the limited effects of CWI on performance, muscle damage, inflammation markers, and ROS mediators signal the unimportance of the daily practice of this recovery method in volleyball players.

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ResumoIntrodução: O metilfenidato (MFD) é um derivado anfetamínico estimulante do sistema nervoso central, que vem sendo cada vez mais consumido pela população mundial, incluindo as mulheres em idade fértil. Ainda não foram estabelecidos os efeitos deste medicamento nas glândulas salivares, durante a gestação. Objetivo: Identificar alterações histomorfológicas em glândulas salivares maternas expostas ao metilfenidato. Material e método: Para análise histológica, foram utilizadas 32 fêmeas de camundongos Swiss prenhes, distribuídas em um grupo controle e um grupo tratado. A administração foi realizada do quinto ao 17º dia de gestação, via injeção subcutânea; o grupo tratado recebeu 5 mg/kg de metilfenidato, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu o mesmo volume de solução salina estéril. As fêmeas foram eutanasiadas e tiveram suas glândulas salivares removidas e incluídas em parafina para análise em microscopia óptica. Para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis dos grupos, o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste T foram utilizados. Resultado: As glândulas parótidas do grupo tratado apresentaram alterações no raio dos ductos e na quantidade de ácinos, quando comparadas às glândulas parótidas do grupo controle. A glândula submandibular do grupo tratado foi a mais afetada: mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa na espessura da parede dos ductos secretores, no raio dos ductos e no raio dos ácinos, quando comparada à glândula submandibular do grupo controle. A glândula sublingual não apresentou alterações significativas. Conclusão: Neste delineamento experimental, o metilfenidato apresentou-se como agente indutor de alterações morfológicas das glândulas salivares, promovendo alterações significativas nos raios de ductos e ácinos das mesmas, sendo a glândula submandibular a mais susceptível a este fármaco.Descritores: Metilfenidato; glândulas salivares; gestação. AbstractIntroduction: Methylphenidate (MFD) is a stimulant amphetamine derivative of the central nervous system, which is being increasingly consumed by the world population, including women of childbearing age. It has not yet established the effects of this medicine in the salivary glands during pregnancy. Objective: Evaluate the exposure effects to the MPD in the maternal salivary glands. Material and method: For prenatal study, 32 pregnant female Swiss mice were used, divided into a control and a treated group. The treated group received 5 mg/kg of MPD via subcutaneous injection from the 5th to the 17th day and the control received sterile saline in the same volume and pregnancy period. Females were euthanized and had their salivary glands removed and embedded in paraffin for analysis in optical microscopy. To evaluate the association between the variables of the groups, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and and T test were used. Result: The parotid glands of the treated group showed statistically significant change within the ducts and the amount of acini when compared to the control group. The submandibular gland was the most affected, it showed a differe...