The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental caries in three to four-year-old children born pre-term and with a low birth weight (PLBW) to be compared with normal birth-weight children (NBW) and further to investigate the impact of relative risk factors on the development of dental caries in primary teeth. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 90 children (45 PLBW and 45 NBW). The demographic data and information about feeding practices was ascertained using a structured questionnaire. Dental caries status (dmft) was determined, and the differences between the two groups were tested using the Fisher's exact and the Mann-Whitney U tests at a confidence level of 5%. Results: Twenty-five children (eight PLBW and 17 NBW) were caries free, and the mean±SD dmft was 2.5±0.3 in PLBW and 2.2±0.4 in NBW children (p>0.05). The length of feeding in PLBW children was lower than the NBW group (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries did not differ between the PLBW and NBW children. Clinical Significance: Enamel hypoplasia and snacking were not common in PLBW children which may account for the lack of difference in dental caries between the two groups.

Objectives: Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer in women. Unfortunately, for patients who relapse after platinum based first-line therapies, only a few second-line agents such as PEGylated liposomal Doxorubicin (PLDH) and Topotecan exist. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of Topotecan in comparison with PLDH in patients with refractory ovarian cancer after platinum based chemotherapy in Iran. Methods: Using a 3 state markov model, the analysis was performed from Iranian healthcare system perspective over a life time horizon in a cohort of 1000 patients. The effectiveness was measured as quality adjusted life years (QALYs) which was derived from the literature. Clinical inputs such as adverse events and mortality rates were estimated based on Topotecan phase III trial. Direct medical costs, including drug acquisition cost, hospitalization, and adverse event management were calculated according to hospital records and national tariffs. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 7.2% and 5% ,respectively. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) were performed to evaluate the robustness of the model. Results: Topotecan was associated with the cost of US$18,828 and 0.53 QALYs. On the other hand, PLDH was associated with the cost of US$ 20,105 and 0.44 QALYs. These differences are mainly due to less disease progression and lower acquisition cost of Topotecan compared to PLDH. As a result, Topotecan was found as dominant strategy and had an 86% chance of being cost-effective in the PSA at the willingness to pay threshold of 1GDP/capita (US$5400). Furthermore, deterministic sensitivity analysis indicated that the model is most sensitive to the acquisition cost of Topotecan as well as PLDH and the time horizon of the model. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that Topotecan is dominant strategy compared to PLDH in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer from the perspective of Iranian healthcare system over a life time horizon.

Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was effectiveness of Glasser reality therapy on statetraitanxiety reduction women in the third trimester of pregnancy.Materials and Methods: The research population included all pregnant women that in the last three months ofpregnancy and in the year 93-92 were referred to Gonbad Beski hospital. In this study, 40 pregnant womenselected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups of 20 patientseach were replaced. Instruments used in the study were: Spielberger Anxiety Inventory. To analyze the dataobtained from multivariate analysis of covariance was used.Results: Results showed that between state anxiety in the experimental and control groups, there weresignificant differences. Also results showed that between trait anxiety in the experimental and control groups,there were significant differences.Conclusion: The results of this study are consistent with other research. Based on these findings, we can sayReality therapy in post test reduce state anxiety scores in women. . Based on these findings, we can say Realitytherapy in post test reduces trait anxiety scores in women.Keywords: Reality Therapy, state-trait anxiety, third trimester of pregnancy.

Background: Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS), which is caused by a defect in the glomerular filtration barrier, is the most common chronic glomerular disease in children. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the clinical features of INS and some recurrence-related factors in children. Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 302 children with INS referring to the Pediatric Nephrology Clinic of Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah city, Iran, during 1998-2018. Results: The mean age (SD) at the time of diagnosis and the follow-up duration were 4.87 (2.89) years and 49.83 (37.52) months, respectively. The numbers of boys and girls were 185 (61.9%) and 114 (38.1%), respectively. The mean number (SD) of recurrences, annual recurrence rate during the follow-up, and the time to the first recurrence after responding to treatment were 1.71 (1.91), 0.48 (0.77), and 10.15 (10.63) months, respectively. The most common type of INS was steroid-dependent/frequent relapse, with a frequency of 151 (50.5%). Furthermore, 33 (11.0%) and 266 (89.0%) patients were resistant and respondent to treatment, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between age at the time of diagnosis and the type of INS (P = 0.007). Conclusions: This study revealed a statistically significant association between higher age and steroid resistance. However, in steroid responders, there was no relationship between gender, age at the time of diagnosis, and the time to the first recurrence, and the recurrence rate.