79.9% of the lignites in our country have a calorifi c value of less than 2500 Kcal/kg. In order to reduce energy dependence of the country, it would be right to use these lignite reserves of 11.8 billion tons by use of effective coal preparation methods and with clean coal combustion systems together with developing technology. A typical coal preparation plant produces 20% of the feed coal, all below 0.5 mm. Generally, due to high cost, the product under this size is not used but thanks to the developing coal cleaning technology, this size group can be utilized with low ash content. Within the framework of this study, the discarded fi ne fraction coal sample which was below 0.5 mm was taken from Uysal Mining Company in Tekirdağ and subjected to enrichment and dewatering experiments to obtain a marketable product. In experimental studies, in order to produce a high quality product, the slime portion which contains mainly clay minerals was removed with 81.25% ash content using screen with aperture of 150 microns. Afterwards, the coal having 49.09% ash content was subjected to multistage Reichert Spiral tests and a clean coal product with 24.1% ash content was produced. In settling experiments, the product below 150 microns was used and at the end of these tests the slurry with 30% solid in pulp ratio was produced. It can be concluded that the clean coal which is produced after enrichment tests could be used in energy sector, power plants, briquetting plants, cement plants etc. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Explorationhttp://bulletin.mta.gov.tr

Günümüz siyasal sitemlerinde kamu politikalarının belirlenmesi bir süreci ifade eder ki, bu süreci besleyen birçok aktör vardır. Baş aktör, siyasal iktidarlar olmakla beraber, baskı grupları, sivil toplum kurumları, gönüllü kuruluşlar, sendikalar gibi birçok hükümet dışı organizasyon, politika belirleme sürecinde rol alabilmektedir. Bu politikaların şekillenmesinde başta Anayasa olmak üzere genel mevzuat göz önüne alındığı gibi, değişen dünya şartları, artan ve çeşitlenen kamu hizmetleri ve bunlara ilişkin talepler, yeni politikaların üretilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Üretilen kamu politikaların güçlü, etkin ve çözüm odaklı olması için sorunların doğru tespit edilmesi gerekir. Bunun için de sorunları yaşayan paydaşların sürece dâhil edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulur. Her ne kadar politika belirleme sürecinde tüm aktörler arasında zımni bir rekabetin varlığı hissedilse de esas olan, sürecin tek boyutlu olamayacağının farkında olmaktır. Bununla beraber, ulusal ve yerel siyasetten tutun da farklı düzeyde örgütlenmiş tüm organizasyonların politika yapma sürecine ne düzeyde etki ettiklerinin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma işte mevcut çalışmalar çerçevesinde bu etki hakkında birtakım değerlendirmeler yapmaktadır.

No abstract

The role of local governments has recently increased in importance, and as reforms and restructuring of their functions have revealed, the concept of "representation and participation" is coming into prominence." Notably, the representation of local communities within the decisions is mainly taken on behalf of society gained importance. The city councils, which are under the focal scope of our study, are the ones constituted by "local representatives" being elected by local communities and responsible for protecting the rights of society. The acknowledgement of representatives by society, the representatives' own recognition of society and also representing issue emerged as important determinants so that the function of representation might materialize as effective. This study examined the represent ability of city council members in Turkey within the case of Kahramanmaraş Province in Turkey. Hence, the profile of all city council members was presented, and then the views and approaches of them were discussed. The elicited approaches and views which belong to the members were mainly probed within the frame of "represent ability of city council members".

Historically, many countries have sought to establish a more stable governmental system. At world scale; it is seen that the most common systems of government in practice today are "presidential", "semi-presidential" and "parliamentary system". The obstacles in the governmental systems are instability in the administration which starts the search for new system. Along with the new governmental system proposals in Turkey, it was begun to be argued that the "Turkish Type", "Presidential Parliamentary System", "Half Presidency", "Presidency" and "Party Presidency" models in Turkey wanted a stable government. In Turkey, the influence of pressure groups such as the categorized business world and media have been included in the system discussions, though those discussions were not carried out in a comprehensive manner. Deficiencies in Turkey, especially in the culture of political reconciliation, political instability, ineffectiveness of members of the legislative body, can be seen as the factors that trigger the search for new systems. This study will focus on the new positional arguments in the context of the system discussions in Turkey on behalf of stable and long-term management, discussing the proposals of constitutional amendments in terms of probable deficiencies, political instability, and ineffectiveness of legislative members.