Background: Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) is widely used for the treatment of chronic arrhythmia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of postoperative complications and the risk factors in patients with PPI. Methods: The clinical data of 124 patients who underwent PPI in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2018 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Data on sex, age, status of disease, and related complications of all patients were recorded, and differences were compared. The factors affecting postoperative complications in patients with PPI were analyzed. Results: The incidence of postoperative complications in 124 patients with PPI was 8.06% (10/124), including 4 cases with capsular hematoma (3.23%), 2 cases with capsular rupture (1.61%), 3 cases with capsular infection (2.42%) and 1 case with venous thrombosis (0.81%). Unconditional single-factor logistic regression model showed that the incidence of postoperative complications in patients with PPI was significantly greater with older age, high body mass index (BMI), smoking history, poor nutritional status, and decreased platelet counts (P<0.05). Results of the unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age, high BMI, smoking history, poor nutritional status, and decreased platelet counts were all independent risk factors of postoperative complications in patients with PPI (P<0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of postoperative complications in patients with PPI was low, and the complications were mainly related to capsular bag. Factors, such as older age, high BMI, smoking history, poor nutritional status, and decreased platelet counts, were independent risk factors resulting in postoperative complications in patients with PPI.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of sleep restriction on blood pressure (BP) among healthy adults. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using partial sleep deprivation were included. The pooled effect size was calculated by the inverse variance method, and forest plot was used. Six studies were included (n = 10–43). Only one study obtained continuous BP readings. Overall, sleep restriction did not result in significant changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR). The respective weighted mean difference (MD) was 1.0 mmHg (95%CI, -2.3–4.2; p = 0.57), -0.4 mmHg (95%CI, -3.2–2.4; p = 0.80), and 2.0 bpm (95%CI, -2.2–6.2; p = 0.34). There is preliminary evidence suggesting that sleep restriction might affect sympathetic/parasympathetic modulation of cardiac autonomy and the inflammatory system. In this review, we did not find significant effects of sleep restriction on BP or HR measured by cross-sectional methods. More studies are warranted to confirm these findings by using continuous monitoring.