BETWEEN 1962 and 1965 three problem patients referred to o u r consultation service had antibodies to high-incidence antigenic determinants. None of the three was the same antibody, and none was identical with previously reported antibodies. T h i s paper reports these new antibodies: anti-El, anti-Dp, and anti-So. In each example a t least one sibling was compatible with each proposi tus. Case Reports and Discussion Anti-ElMrs. El, a 40-year-old Negress, was eight and one-half months pregnant and presented a compatibility problem when a sample of her serum was Sent to us in 1962 by Dr. Manning W. Alden, Annapolis, Md. There was no history of transfusion and she had six children living and well. The seventh child was subsequently delivered without complications.Anti-El supports agglutination only in antiglobulin and Bromelase@ tests. Antibody activity has a titration value of 1:32 by both technics.Samples from a sister, C., and four children also were sent to us for study. In addition, four siblings, the mother, eight children, and ~ ~~ ~~

Abstract. Serum and eluates known to contain anti‐Ata failed to react with El (—) red cells. Conversely, anti‐El failed to react with At(a‐) red cells. These findings show that the same high‐frequency antigen is being recognised by both anti‐Ata and anti‐El and it is suggested that the name Ata be retained.

Mosquitoes are competent vectors for many important arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In addition to arboviruses, insect-specific viruses (ISV) have also been discovered in mosquitoes. ISVs are viruses that replicate in insect hosts but are unable to infect and replicate in vertebrates. They have been shown to interfere with arbovirus replication in some cases. Despite the increase in studies on ISV–arbovirus interactions, ISV interactions with their hosts and how they are maintained in nature are still not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the infection and dissemination of the Agua Salud alphavirus (ASALV) in the important mosquito vector Aedes aegypti through different infection routes (per oral infection, intrathoracic injection) and its transmission. We show here that ASALV infects the female Ae. aegypti and replicates when mosquitoes are infected intrathoracically or orally. ASALV disseminated to different tissues, including the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries. However, we observed a higher virus load in the brain than in the salivary glands and carcasses, suggesting a tropism towards brain tissues. Our results show that ASALV is transmitted horizontally during adult and larval stages, although we did not observe vertical transmission. Understanding ISV infection and dissemination dynamics in Ae. aegypti and their transmission routes could help the use of ISVs as an arbovirus control strategy in the future.

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