In a broad survey of negative and hostile attitudes toward canines in pagan, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions, the author posits that warm ties between humans and canines have been seen as a threat to the authority of the clergy and indeed, of God. Exploring ancient myth, Biblical and Rabbinical literature, and early and medieval Christianity and Islam, she explores images and prohibitions concerning dogs in the texts of institutionalized, monotheistic religions, and offers possible explanations for these attitudes, including concern over disease.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. University of Pennsylvania Press and Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Jewish Quarterly Review. THE EXPULSION OF the Jews from England and France in the lateMiddle Ages has been intensively studied from the economic and political perspectives, as well as from the point of view of the general society in which the Jews resided and of the role played by them in specific places and periods of time.' Yet research into just how acceptable the expulsion was to contemporary society is still missing. What kind of link, if any, is there between the expulsion decreed by the king and a previously existing stereotype of the diabolic Jew? Trevor-Roper represents the "popular" approach which considers the expulsions as manifestations of a wide social consensus: "No ruler has ever carried out a policy of wholesale expulsion or destruction without the cooperation of society.... Great massacres may be commanded by tyrants but they are imposed by peoples. Without general social support, the organs of isolation and expulsion cannot even be created."2 N. Davies elaborates this approach by stressing the endemic nature of religious violence: "Conflict is perennial in social life, though the forms and strength of the accompanying violence vary.... Religious violence is intense because it connects intimately with the fundamental values and self-definition of a community."3 Thus the question arises, to what degree did vox populi support the expulsion of the Jews both in England and in France? Or on the contrary, were the expulsions an integral part of the king's centralizing policy and were the reactions to it therefore a reflection of the king's status among his subjects? If so, how and I See the excellent summary of M. Kriegel, "Mobilisation politique et modernisation organique-les expulsions des Juifs au bas moyen age," Archives des Sciences Sociales des Religions, 46:1 (1978), 5-11. THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEWto what degree did the expulsions influence the status of the monarchies in the long run? An attempt will be made in this essay to examine (1) the main characteristics of the stereotype of the Jews prior to the expulsion, (2) the reaction to the expulsion of the Jews from those same factors which manipulated the Jewish stereotype, and (3) the influence of the expulsions on the status of the monarchies and the emergence of national consciousness in both England and France. These three issues confine the geographical-chronological limits of this paper to England and France and to the transition period in the 13th-14th centuries.

The wide consensus in research with regard to the modernity of keeping companion animals lies behind the prevailing conclusions about attitudes toward the canine species in pre-modern societies. These were reviewed mainly from a utilitarian perspective. Characterized, in part, by the protective shelter of the extended household and, as such, free of the tensions affecting the nuclear family in industrial cities, pre-modern societies supposedly lacked in the emotional stress and indigence that condition or encourage dog keeping. A careful examination of the sources, both narrative and pictorial, however, suggests more ambivalent attitudes thus challenging widespread research premises and justifying further analysis. This study, covering rural and urban societies in the ancient and medieval periods, examines references to dogs as companion animals in traditional societies.

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