In anaesthesia, patient simulators have been used for training and research. However, insights from simulator-based research may only translate to real settings if the simulation elicits the same behaviour as the real setting. To this end, we investigated the effects of the case (simulated case vs. real case) and experience level (junior vs. senior) on the distribution of visual attention during the induction of general anaesthesia. We recorded eye-tracking data from 12 junior and 12 senior anaesthetists inducing general anaesthesia in a simulation room and in an actual operating room (48 recordings). Using a classification system from the literature, we assigned each fixation to one of 24 areas of interest and classified the areas of interest into groups related to monitoring, manual, and other tasks. Anaesthetists gave more visual attention to monitoring related areas of interest in simulated cases than in real cases (p = 0.001). We observed no effect of the factor case for manual tasks. For other tasks, anaesthetists gave more visual attention to areas of interest related to other tasks in real cases than in simulated cases (p < 0.001). Experience level did not have an effect on the distribution of visual attention. The results showed that there were differences in the distribution of visual attention by between real and simulated cases. Therefore, researchers need to be careful when translating simulation-based research on topics involving visual attention to the clinical environment.
The increasingly frequent use of immunomodulatory agents in dermatology requires the observance of specific recommendations for immunization. These recommendations are developed and regularly updated by the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), an independent advisory group at the Robert Koch Institute. Dermatological patients on immunosuppressive treatment should ideally receive all vaccinations included in the standard immunization schedule. Additionally, it is recommended that they also undergo vaccination against the seasonal flu, pneumococci, and herpes zoster (inactivated herpes zoster subunit vaccine for patients ≥ 50 years). Additional immunizations against Haemophilus influenzae type B, hepatitis B and meningococci may be indicated depending on individual comorbidities and exposure risk. Limitations of use, specific contraindications and intervals to be observed between vaccination and immunosuppression depend on the immunosuppressive agent used and its dosing. Only under certain conditions may live-attenuated vaccines be administered in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Given its strong suppressive effect on the humoral immune response, no vaccines -except for flu shots -should be given within six months after rituximab therapy.This CME article presents current recommendations on immunization in immunocompromised individuals, with a special focus on dermatological patients. Its goal is to enable readers to provide competent counseling and to initiate necessary immunizations in this vulnerable patient group.
Der zunehmende Einsatz immunmodulierend wirkender Medikamente erfordert die Beachtung spezifischer Impfempfehlungen, welche durch die Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut erarbeitet und regelmäßig aktualisiert werden. Dermatologische Patienten unter immunsuppressiver Therapie sollten idealerweise einen vollständigen Status bezüglich altersentsprechender Standardimpfungen aufweisen. Zusätzlich angeraten werden Indikationsimpfungen gegen saisonale Influenza und Pneumokokken sowie ab dem Alter von 50 Jahren eine Impfung mit dem adjuvantierten Zoster-Totimpfstoff. Die Indikation für zusätzliche Impfungen, beispielsweise gegen Haemophilus influenzae B, Hepatitis B oder Meningokokken, ist abhängig von Begleiterkrankungen und individueller Exposition. Zu beachten sind darüber hinaus Einschränkungen, Kontraindikationen und zeitliche Mindestabstände für die Impfung immunsupprimierter Personen, welche maßgeblich von den eingesetzten immunsuppressiven Wirkstoffen sowie gegebenenfalls deren Dosierung abhängen. Attenuierte Lebendimpfstoffe dürfen unter einer bereits laufenden Immunsuppression nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen eingesetzt werden. Innerhalb von sechs Monaten nach der Gabe von Rituximab ist die Ausbildung einer protektiven Immunantwort so stark reduziert, dass-mit Ausnahme der Grippeimpfung-auch die Gabe von Totimpfstoffen aufgrund eingeschränkter Wirksamkeit nicht angeraten wird. Der vorliegende Weiterbildungsartikel fasst gültige Impfempfehlungen für immunsupprimierte Personen mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dermatologische Erkrankungen und die hier eingesetzten Wirkstoffe zusammen, um Leserinnen und Lesern eine gezielte Beratung und Veranlassung notwendiger Impfungen für diese vulnerable Personengruppe zu ermöglichen.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.