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This study gives strength to the potential relevance of NS in clinical management of RA through modulation of T lymphocytes.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a cluster of heterogeneous molecules that are generated in a non-enzymatic reaction by the binding of sugars with amino groups of DNA, lipids and proteins. Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide with antioxidant activity, which inhibits protein carbonylation and glycoxidation. This systematic review searched international sources for all published and unpublished original research in English from any year up to the end of April 2018. An electronic search of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar was conducted. 187 articles were initially found and 133 articles were selected after excluding duplicated data. Review articles, studies based on the components of carnosine and studies that were about the effects of carnosine on AGEs-induced changes were excluded. In total, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. This included 19 in vitro studies, 15 animal studies and two human studies. All but two of the studies indicated that carnosine can prevent the formation of AGEs. The findings of this review indicating that carnosine has anti-glycating properties, and may hinder the formation of protein carbonyls and the cross-links induced by reduced sugars; however, there were few human studies. The mechanism by which carnosine prevents the formation of AGEs needs further investigation.

The nutritional status of a patient has prognostic potency concerning short- and long-term outcomes, including survival, in many diseases. The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score is a method for assessing nutritional status and predicting outcomes of several diseases. This study sought to systematically identify the prognostic role of preoperative CONUT score on posttreatment overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with cancer. The PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases and Google were searched for all dates until December 2019. Original articles investigating the association of preoperative CONUT score with survival in cancer patients who underwent surgery were included. Duplicate and irrelevant reports were screened out and the remaining articles assessed for quality and data extracted during critical analysis. Results of multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the prognostic competence of CONUT score in predicting survival. The search method identified an initial 181 articles, of which 32 were included in the final analysis. Lower OS, CSS, and RFS rates were reported by 100%, 100%, and 87.0% of the included studies, respectively, in cancer patients with high CONUT scores. A prognostic role of the CONUT score for prediction of OS, CSS, and RFS in cancer patients was shown by 91.7%, 90.9%, and 52.6% of the studies, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve area under the curve (AUC) value of the CONUT score for predicting OS, CSS, and RFS was at an acceptable level (>0.5) in all studies with available AUC values (n = 19). Sixty percent (12 of 20) of the studies reported that high CONUT score was significantly related to lower BMI. The findings promote confidence that a high preoperative CONUT score is associated with poor survival rate and is an independent prognostic factor of OS and CSS in patients with various types of cancer. Evaluation of the preoperative CONUT score might help clinicians in decision-making with respect to surgical implications.

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