The genus Acacia is a group of tropical plants species used in folk medicine due to virtue of its many therapeutic properties. In this document, we review the Ethnopharmacology, biological and phytochemical activities of the two major plant species used. Although, several researchers has been done, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. and Acacia seyal Delile. are among the species of the genus for which phytochemical study is limited, few bioactive compounds and properties described. Based on these current traditional uses, it is necessary to carry out more biochemical and pharmaceutical assays in order to identify the precise ingredient that supports the recommendation in traditional medicine. The characterization of the active compound that plays a role for treating human diseases (infection, cancer, etc.) represents a key step in phytochemical research of new compounds. Moreover, this information about the active compound will help the clinician/pharmacist to define a rational and combined use with the synthetic molecules for which resistance mechanisms are currently reported in clinical cases. Keywords: Acacia Senegal; Acacia seyal; Antimicrobial; Biological activity; Phytochemistry; Tradional medicine

Aims:To investigate the ethnomedicinal uses of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub and to screen the antimicrobial property as well as determine the phytochemical constituents of leaves, stems and root bark. Study Design: Ethnobotanical surveys, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of extracts of P. africana. Alimata et al.; EJMP, 31(3): 39-47, 2020; Article no.EJMP.54318 40 Place and Duration of Study: The ethnobotanical survey was conducted during June 2015 in Zounweogo Province. The experiments were conducted at Methodology: The semi-structured questionnaires were administrated to 36 traditional healers and elucidated out on the ethnomedicinal uses of P. africana in treating bacterial infections, the plant parts used and the mode of administration. The antimicrobial activity of different polar extracts of the leaves, the stem and root were evaluated by using the agar diffusion method and the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts via microdilution method. The phytochemical constituents of all extracts were also screened air Ciulei method. Results: The traditional healers consisted of 64% women and 36% men were surveyed. P. africana is used to treat tooth decay, childhood diarrhoea and chronic wounds. Leaves and the stem bark are the most commonly used plant part in treating bacterial infections while the roots are primarily used for other therapeutic purposes. The main method of administration was decoction. Methanol extracts of the leaves showed better antibacterial activity on all bacterial strains than aqueous extracts: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC = 390 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 13.00 ±1.00 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC = 390 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 12.33 ± 1.53 mm), Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (MIC = 3120 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 13±1,00 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (MIC = 12500 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 12.33±0.58 mm). Alkaloid salts, tannins, sterols and triterpenes, saponosides, flavonic glycosides and leucoanthocyans were found in extracts of the leaves, as well as in the barks of the stem and root. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that P. africana is a potent source of antimicrobial compounds and could justify its traditional use of in the folklore medicine of Zounweogo Province. Original Research Article

Background The present study investigates the effect of an aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa (AEAL) on normotensive Wistar rats and its chronic antihypertensive effects in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats by using a non-invasive tail-cuff model. Methods The effects of AEAL (50mg/kg) and NaCl 0.9% on blood pressure were investigated by daily oral administration in normotensive Wistar rats over four weeks. L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats were produced by L-NAME (40mg/kg) daily oral administration for two weeks. For chronic antihypertensive effects, induced hypertensive rats have received L-NAME in combination with AEAL (10 or 50mg/kg/day) for two following weeks. Results In normotensive rats, daily administration of AEAL (50mg/kg) has no significant effect on their blood pressure, which was similar to that of the control group. L-NAME’s daily oral administration induces a progressive increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 115.8 ± 7.9mmHg to 153.5 ± 4.6mmHg after two weeks, which was maintained to the end of the treatment. In L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, AEAL (50mg/kg/day) significantly decreases the SPB from 160.0 ± 5.8 mmHg to 108.8 ± 2.7mmHg after only four days of administration. However, the lower dose of AEAL (10mg/kg) also normalized the SBP of L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats but only evident after seven days of administration. Moreover, AEAL does not effect on the serum biochemical parameters (ALAT, ASAT, CREAT, etc.) and any macroscopic adverse effect was detected on the sensible organs involved during hypertension. In the aorta rings from treated rats, AEAL (50mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with L-NAME has enhanced the vasodilation effect of acetylcholine. However, the vasodilation effect of AEAL alone or in association with L-NAME has enhanced the sodium nitroprusside effect in treated rat aorta rings after autopsy. Conclusion These findings suggest that AEAL affords significant antihypertensive effects against L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats without modification of serum parameters and deleterious effects.

Aims: This study investigated the antioxidant activity and the 90 days subchronic toxicity of the standardized LAMIC phytomedicine prototype based on aqueous extracts from Lannea microcarpa trunk bark. Methods: Three spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluated the antioxidant activity of LAMIC which were 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzolin-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. For the standardized LAMIC subchronic toxicity study, male and female Wistar rats were used by daily oral administration at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg bw consecutively for 90 days. Results: The LAMIC extract exhibit better inhibitory activity against DPPH radical than ABTS radical with respective IC50 values of 45.38±3.21 µg/mL and 66.45±18.76 µg/mL, while FRAP assay exhibit antioxidant activity of 211.34±15.92 mmol EAA/g. Subchronic oral administration of LAMIC was well-tolerated at all tested doses. No behavioral and physiological changes and mortality were observed. The LAMIC extract did not present any impact on general hematological parameters and biochemical parameters. Moreover, no significant changes were raised in organ and body weight of treated groups compared to the Control group. Conclusion: These results support that LAMIC prototype was a valuable source of natural antioxidants and no toxicity was associated to its long terms oral consumption in rats indicating a potential application as a cardiovascular protective formulation. Keywords: LAMIC–Lannea microcarpa–Standardization–Antioxidant–Subchronic toxicity.

Prosopis africana  (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Fabaceae) is used in the herbal medicine of Burkina Faso to treat dental caries. This study aims to contribute to the valorization of the said plant by investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of aqueous leaves and stems extracts. The inhibitory activity on lipoxygenase was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts. The antioxidant activity of bots extracts of the plant was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS+ radical cation decolorization. The anti-biofilm effect of the extracts was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAOI and the anti-Quorum sensing effect on Chromobacterium CV026. Aqueous extracts of Prosopis africana stems show the highest content of phenolic compounds (30,04± 0,59 mgAGE/100 mg extract) while those of the leaves show the highest content of total flavonoids (3.29 ± 0.53 mgQE/100mg extract). The aqueous extract of stem bark show the strongest antioxidant activity ( IC50 = 4.58±0.07µg/ml for the ABTS) , a best Inhibitory action on activity of lipoxygenase (IC50 = 13.42 ± 1.26 μg/mL ), a highest anti-biofilm activity ( 63.6%;  at the concentration of 100µg/ml) without affecting the bacterial growth. In addition, this extract has the strongest anti-quorum sensing activity with an percentage of inhibition 53,5%. These findings suggested that the aqueous extracts of stem bark and leaves of Prosopis africana contain promoted phytomolecules to combat dental caries infections. Keywords : Anti-biofilm, Anti-quorum sensing, Lipoxygenase, Prosopis africana