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Several biologically active secondary metabolites from aquatic plants have been extracted and identified using modern instrumental BioTechniques and used in various ways as flavors, food, additives, coloring agents, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and also as unique source of pharma industries for the discovery or development of new drugs. From algae to aquatic macrophytes belonging to various categories, aquatic plants produce a variety of compounds such as polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, steroids, quinones, tannins, coumarins, and essential oils commercially involving in antibiotic, antiviral, antioxidant, antifouling, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cytotoxic, and antimitotic activities; thus making them a rich source of medicinal compounds. Moreover, they are comprehensively used in human therapy, veterinary, agriculture, scientific research, and in countless areas. Importantly these chemicals are exercised for developing new antimicrobial and cancer drugs. Furthermore, antioxidant molecules in aquatic plants and seaweeds have recently been acknowledged. This review contains a consolidated contemporary document consisting of entire knowledge available on pharmaceutical products of aquatic plants and highlights major differences among secondary metabolites found in aquatic (algae) and terrestrial plants.

Abstract:The present paper deals with detailed wood microstructure of 9 species belonging to six genera covering tribe Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae of the subfamily Euphorbiodeae (Euphorbiaceae). The study mainly focused on the systematic implication of wood anatomy to the subfamily, also ecological and evolutionary aspects were evaluated. Wood microstructure of the tribe Hippomaneae was found to be homogeneous considerably while Euphorbieae was heterogeneous to certain extent reflecting upon unnatural classification of the tribe. All the genera showed high vulnerability and mesomorphy reflecting adaptation to mesic environment. An identification key has been developed based on constant wood anatomical properties.

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Introduction: Celluloses are important industrial enzymes and find application in several industrial processes. Effects of pH, temperature, incubation time, source of carbon and nitrogen were tested in submerged fermentation process in the production of cellulose by Curvularia pallescens isolated from textile effluent. Aims: The present study was attempted in a fungus; Curvularia pallescens isolated from textile effluent for maximizing its production under optimal conditions in submerged fermentation by using inexpensive substrate wheat bran. Study Design: The production medium was prepared in distilled water, supplemented with 4.5% wheat bran, 0.05% KCl, 0.2% KH2PO4, (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), maintained with pH of  5.5  and incubated at 28ºC for 120 h was found optimal for the production of cellulose. Results: The test fungus achieved maximum FPA activity followed by cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activity at  46.76, 42.06, 26.94 and 3.56 U/ml respectively at pH 5.5  (Fig. 4). The temperature of 280C produced maximum cellulase activity. Highest activity recorded was of FPA (38.94 U/ml), followed by cellobiohydrolase (30.29 U/ml), endoglucanase (22.41 U/ml), and β-glucosidase (3.98 U/ml). The effect of process parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH and inoculum size was investigated. Maximum cellulase and xylanase having an enzyme activity of 694.45 and 931.25 IU, respectively, were produced at 30ºC incubation temperature. Conclusion: The effect of process parameters such as effect of temperature, pH and inoculum size was also investigated. The production of primary metabolites by microorganisms is highly influenced by their growth, which is determined by the availability of the nutrients in the substrates.