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Recently, visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis has been emerging as one of the fastest growing fields in organic chemistry because of its low cost, easy availability and environmental benignness. In the past...

Precipitable water vapour (PWV) is an important input for numerical weather prediction model, meteorology and highprecision navigational applications. Conventional methods for the determination of PWV using radiosonde are not sufficient owing to poor temporal resolution, whereas radiometer-derived PWV is reliable only in fair weather conditions. Global positioning system (GPS) is a very useful and cost-effective tool to determine PWV continuously in all weather conditions. The processing of GPS data to extract the PWV information is, however, very complicated due to very small effect of the PWV (∼0.5% of total delay) on GPS frequencies than other sources of delay and errors and requires a network of GPS in differential configuration for such purpose. The authors show how the problem can be handled in a standalone dual-frequency GPS receiver in a relatively less complicated manner with reasonable accuracy. The performances of different dry tropospheric delay models are also investigated. The methodology is tested with GPS measurements at Kolkata (22.57°N, 88.37°E) and Bangalore (13.01°N, 77.5°E). The results indicate that the proposed methodology can be implemented for PWV estimation using single GPS receiver with satisfactory performance.

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P reparation of sustained release microspheres of hydroxyzine hydrochloride by ionotropic gelation technique and evaluation. Microspheres of hydroxyzine hydrochloride were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using sodium alginate, Carbopol 934P and calcium chloride. The powders were evaluated for their flow properties. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and in vitro dissolution studies. The drug release study of hydroxyzine hydrochloride microspheres was evaluated using basket type dissolution test apparatus. The release rate of Hydroxyzine hydrochloride microspheres was studied for 12 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer media. From the five batches F5 batch showed good release behavior 91.08% of drug is released over 12 h, and r 2 = 0.987 in zero-order kinetics. The microspheres were prepared without the use of organic solvents. Microspheres of hydroxyzine hydrochloride decrease the incidence of side effects and also improve patient compliance by reducing the number of dosing and by reducing the fluctuations of drug in the blood. This entire attributed attitude proves that microsphere technology from novel drug delivery can be very much effective in reducing dosage frequency, dose dumping, and better patient compliance and economical to the patient. In the future, natural, biodegradable polymers can be used to improve therapeutic efficacy of the drug and further minimizing side-effects.