Neutral species and charged particles co-exist in the Earth's upper atmosphere, that is, the thermosphere and ionosphere. The thermospheric-ionospheric system is tightly coupled and shows intriguing behavior. Optical emissions from the upper atmosphere act as good tracers to investigate the behavior of the altitude region of their origin. This passive remote sensing method has been used to investigate various aspects of the thermosphere-ionosphere system, such as the vertical coupling of atmosphere (e.g.

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