Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial illness among febrile infants and preschool children with a reported prevalence between 4.1% and 7.5%. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of urinary tract infection in preschool febrile children.Methods: Cross sectional study conducted in pediatric OPD of a Government teaching hospital with 500 febrile preschool children aged 3 to 6 years. Results: Prevalence of UTI in febrile preschool children aged 3-6 years was 2.9% in males and 5.5% in females with overall prevalence of 4%. 15% had temperature > 39.3 oC. 45% had dysuria, 35% had vomiting. 25% and 20% had increased frequency and burning micturition respectively. 70% patients with UTI and 30% cases without UTI had proteinuria. 95% patients had pus cells > 5 per HPF. 60% patients had bacteria in their urine where as in culture negative cases only 1.04% had bacteria. E coli was the common organism isolated (80%), followed by Klebsiella. Majority were resistant to Ampicillin (55%). 75% of microorganisms were sensitive to ceftriaxone. 70% were sensitive to gentamycin, norfloxacin and cephalexin. 5% UTI cases had RFT. KUB X-ray was normal in all the cases. 20% of cases showed features suggestive of acute pyelonephritis on Ultrasonography. 1 out of 4 Patients who underwent Intravenous pyelography showed hydronephrosis. 2 out of 4 cases showed VUR in MCU.Conclusions: UTI is a potential cause of fever in children below 6 years of age. Urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of UTI in children. Parents should be educated about the importance of UTI and its long-term complications.

Background: Neonatal septicemia is defined as generalized bacterial infection of newborns documented by positive blood culture in first four weeks of life. Objective of present study was to determine whether C-Reactive protein can be used as a parameter to identify the time point when antibiotic treatment can safely be discontinued in a defined major subgroup of neonates treated for suspected bacterial infection.Methods: A total of 50 neonates with birth weight more than 1500gms with suspected septicemia were enrolled in the prospective study. Serum CRP were determined 24-48 hours after the first dose of antibiotics. If CRP was less than 6mg/l, infants were considered unlikely to be infected and the antibiotic treatment was stopped. If CRP was more than 6mg/l, antibiotics were continued and CRP measured on alternative days in one subgroup (2a) and on seventh day in another subgroup (2b). CRP was the single decision criterion to stop the antibiotic therapy. Negative predictive value with respect to further treatment was determined.Results: Duration of antibiotic therapy could be reduced to less than seven days in 54% cases and < 72 hours in 48% cases.Conclusions: Negative predictive value of serial CRP is 100% in deciding the duration of antibiotic therapy in suspected neonatal septicemia.

INTRODUCTIONWorldwide raising trend in obesity among children is causing serious public health concerns and in developing countries it is threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. Many systemic co-morbid conditions like cardiovascular, orthopaedic, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary and renal disorders are seen in association with childhood obesity. 1The treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents requires a multi-disciplinary, multiphasic approach which includes dietary management, physical activity enhancement, and reduction of sedentary behavior, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.In children and adolescents, overweight and obesity are defined using age and sex specific nomograms for BMI. Children with BMI equal to or exceeding the age-gender specific 95th percentile are defined as obese. Those with BMI equal to or exceeding 85 th but are below 95th percentile are defined overweight and are at risk for obesity related co-morbidities. Obesity index which predicts metabolic syndrome includes BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, and waist to Height Ratio and so on. 2 ABSTRACTBackground: Worldwide raising trend in obesity among children is causing serious public health concerns and in developing countries it is threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. The objective of this study was to screen for overweight and obesity among school going children using the established methods as well as the newer screening tools and to compare the efficacy of the various screening tools Methods: Prospective cross sectional study was conducted various government and non-government schools within city limits. And participants involves 1000 children in the age group of 5 to 15 years who met the predefined criteria were selected by purposive sampling. Results: Using BMI as a screening tool, 6.3% were identified as overweight and 5.8% as obese. Using Waist circumference alone, 5.2% were identified as overweight and 4.5% as obese. 13.8% and 5% were identified as overweight and obese respectively by waist circumference to height ratio. Using augmented BMI, 14.7% were identified as overweight and 4.3% as obese. Conclusions: Using WHTR and Augmented BMI, larger percentage of children were identified as overweight while the percentage of children identified as obese remained similar to using BMI or Waist circumference alone.