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In the synthesis of copper chalcopyrite solar absorbers the chalcogen source is always supplied in excess due to its low reactivity. This paper describes preliminary work aimed at addressing this issue through plasma processing. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was use to activate both sulfur and selenium vapors. First, the thermodynamic arguments for using activated chalcogens are presented. Next, this paper describes the experimental ICP setup and its characterization using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Stable discharges have been achieved with both sulfur and selenium vapors using argon as a carrier gas. The potential of this approach was demonstrated by converting indium films into In2Se3 and InSx. The indium samples were inserted into chalcogen-containing ICP plasmas. Through X-ray diffraction it was observed that chalcogen conversion was achieved in a matter of minutes at room temperature by plasma processing.

The basic objective of the present work is to study the effect of chemically synthesized polyaniline (PANI) as an electronically conductive additive on the positive active material properties and its influence on the performance, functional characteristics of lead-acid battery has been studied. The mechanisms contributing to the formation of both lead dioxide and additional conductive nanostructured cross-linking channels by the introduction of this additive is described. The structure and morphology of pure PANI and respective electrode samples have been studied using XRD (X-ray diffractometer) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images.