Background: Propolis is a substance made from resin collected by bees (Apis mellifera) from variety of plants, mixed with its

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Background: Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases and often occurs in the community caused by bacteria. Attached bacteria in the tooth surface for a long time will form a biofilm and will lead to demineralization characterized by damage in the structure of the tooth enamel. The bacteria that cause dental caries and can form biofilms is Streptococcus mutans. The bacteria inside biofilms are more resistant to antibacterial agents. Flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract can be a cleaner alternative for the anti-biofilm cavity that has properties against Streptococcus mutans. Purpose: To determine the activity of flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract at a certain concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Streptococcus mutans were diluted according to the Mc Farland dilution standard 106 in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium and put in a flexible U-bottom microtiter plate. Then it was incubated for 5x24 hours and checked using crystal violet simple staining to see the formation of biofilms. Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp performed serial dilution in a concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78% was added, and the incubation process were conducted for 1x24 hours. OD (Optical Density) readings were done with a wavelength of 595 nm. Results: There was a significant difference between the test groups and the positive control group. The concentration of 100% had the anti-biofilm activity and showed the value of the highest percentage of inhibition, whilst the concentration of 0.78% showed a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration. The results were demonstrated by a statistical analysis test. Conclusion: Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp at a certain concentration has anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

Background.Periapical tooth infection is one of infection problems which often happens such as abscess periapical which is caused by bacteria. The bacteria which can form biofilms is named streptococcus viridans. It is  resistant towards an antibacterial agent. Chitosan made of shrimp shells is used as a natural antibiofilms agent for streptococcus viridans. Purpose.To determine the effective concentration of antibiofilms capacity from shrimp shells chitosan towards streptococcus viridans. Method.The research method used in this research is laboratory experimental research. The research design is post-test only controlgroup design. Streptococcus viridans is given vortex until it becomes homogeneous with standard turbidity McFarland of 0.5, than, it is planted inside a microtitter plate using TSB Glu for 5x24 hours. At last, Streptococcus viridans is colored using crystal violet and the picture of biofilms is observed using inverted microscope. Chitosan liquid diluted through various concentration 0.195%, 0.39%, 0.78%, 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% are going to be added to the microtitter plate and being incubated for 24 hours. The interpretation of the result on the longitude of the wave through optical density is 570nm. Result.There is a significant difference between the concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39% and the control group. Chitosan’s effective concentration in resisting the biofilms is 50%. The result is determined by statistical analysis. Conclusion.The effective concentration to resist the formation of Streptococcus viridans biofilms using shrimp shells chitosan is 50%.

The purpose of this research is to measure the toxicity of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoencapsulation resulting from 18 hours of hydrothermal process on Anadara granosa (A. granosa) shell and 3 hours of sintering. The encapsulation process was carried out to reduce the side and toxic effect, as well as to inhibit the speed of calcium solubility, which can prevent the tunnel effects. The result of cell viability data that analysed using the one-way ANOVA statistical test showed there was no significant difference between the A. granosa shell encapsulation processes with treatment groups of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. The highest viability occurred in treatment group 2, with the A. granosa shell encapsulation stirred process of 2 hours. Therefore, the A. granosa clam shell nanoencapsulation was proved to be non-toxic and can be used in dentistry therapy