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Background: Oto-Acoustic Emissions (OAE) are low intensity sounds produced by the cochlea in response to an acoustic stimulus. Deliberate self-poisoning has become an increasingly common response to emotional distress in young adults (NHS, 1998). Organophosphate (OP) compounds are most commonly involved in 76% of pesticide poisoning especially in the developing countries like India. Several pesticides are neurotoxin which could potentially affect hearing and, animal studies showed that OP treatment leads to change in hearing threshold, outer and inner hair cell loss but human studies on the same are very few. Aim: The present study was aimed at exploring the cochlear changes after self-poisoning with OP pesticides by measuring the Distortion Product Oto-Acoustic Emissions (DPOAE). Method: 114 subjects were participated in the study, with an age range of 18-30 years having pure tone audiometric thresholds within the normal limits and no history of middle ear pathology. They were further divided into two groups, I and II which includes self-poisoned and healthy subjects respectively. Results: The “pass” and “fail” criteria of DPOAE measures in group I were 30% and 70% respectively whereas in group II, it was found 91% and 9% respectively. Discussion: There was a significant failure in DPOAE in Group I (subjects who were self-poisoned) compared to group II (healthy subjects). The two important pathologies behind OP toxicity are the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the depletion of NADPH which is necessary for normal function. Conclusion: The results of the present study highlight that; the minute cochlear changes caused due to pesticide poisoning can be effectively measured through DPOAE. Further it can suggest in other clinical targets like Ototoxicity, Noise-induced hearing loss, Meniere’s disease etc., which has an effect on cochlear hair cells can be monitored through DPOAE

IntroductIonCerebrovascular disorders are pathologic condition of the blood vessels in the brain (Smith-1983). Epidemiology originally signified the study of epidemics, but it is now used more broadly for the study of groups: Epi = among; demos = people; logos = study. India is a vast country with diverse geographic variation. It would be interesting and highly educative to study the epidemiology of stroke in such a diverse group.Unfortunately in India, epidemiological information on annual incidence, prevalence rates, morbidity and mortality trends in well-defined populations is not available. Most of the data published is from a retrospective analysis of subjects admitted to urban medical hospitals though the majority of Indian population lives in small towns and villages. Some of the studies lack proper stroke terminology and baseline investigations.Despite these limitations, analysis of data collected from major urban hospitals suggests that nearly 2% of all hospital admissions; 4-5% of medical and 20% of neurological admission have cardiovascular disease (CVD). The incidence of stroke in the young (<40 years of age) is high (13-32%) when compared to similar data from the west. Many studies on the epidemiology of stroke in India are deficient with respect to randomization of data, making comparison difficult between them. Data show prevalence of CVD in the range of 52-843/100,000 population.Background: Over the past decades there has been increase demand of audiological complaints coinciding with neurological impairments due to cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Most of the cases represent inconsistent responses to acoustic stimuli or total lack of response to sound, documented as auditory agnosia. Aim: The present investigation aims at understanding of potential anatomical co-relates to the involvement of the cortical structure and the processing of auditory stimuli. Materials and Methods: A case series with convenient sampling method included eight cases (six male and two female) with age range 45-55 years with CVA, were taken for this study. Of them two cases were found with lesion in right middle cerebral artery, four cases with left middle cerebral artery and two cases with left posterior cerebral artery lesion confirmed from magnetic resonance imaging scan. Audiological test battery including otoscopy, tuning fork test, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, immittance audiometry, dichotic-diotic listening test, auditory brainstem responses, otoacoustic emissions and gap detection tests were carried out including routine ENT evaluation. Results and Conclusion: Result suggests; there is a significant difference in hearing threshold and speech perception in all the eight subjects. The findings and compromised vascular anatomy in all these cases were discussed in this article.

Frequency (F0) vibrato is commonly known, but not so for flow vibrato, the mean flow variation that accompanies frequency vibrato. Two classically trained singers, each with over 20 years professional experience, a soprano and a tenor, recorded /pa:pa:pa:/ sequences on three pitches (C4, A4, and G5 for the soprano, D3, D4, and G4 for the tenor) and three loudness levels (p, mf, and f) at each pitch. Each vowel had 3–6 frequency vibrato cycles. For both singers, flow vibrato (obtained using the Glottal Enterprises aerodynamic system) was present, and the lowest pitch had the most variability; otherwise, flow vibrato was fairly sinusoidal in shape. For the soprano, flow vibrato cycle extents were: 21–88 cc/s, lowest pitch; 60–147 cc/s, middle pitch; 115–214 cc/s, highest pitch, across loudness levels. For the soprano, the phase difference for the flow was 120–180 degrees ahead of the F0 vibrato. For the tenor, the flow vibrato cycle extents were: 32–85 cc/s, lowest pitch; 98–113 cc/s, middle pitch; 76–240 cc/s, highest pitch, across loudness levels. Flow vibrato for the tenor led the F0 vibrato typically by 40–120 degrees. For both subjects, some flow vibrato cycles had double peaks. Flow vibrato needs further study to determine its origin, shapes, and magnitudes.