This chapter begins with introducing the concepts associated with academic failure at school, from causes, the paediatrician’s approach and assessment, and preventative strategy. It applies the same framework to school absence and truancy, special educational needs and educational support for children with additional needs, and how to write a special educational needs report and provide medical advice. School health promotion is outlined, and the service provision of educational psychology is discussed. Schooling in special circumstances such as elective home education and hospital schools is outlined. The chapter then provides a brief overview of the national curriculum, access arrangements in accordance with the Disability Discrimination Act, and how to prepare for further education in child and adolescent populations with special educational needs.

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This chapter covers major types of neurodisability that can be found in children. For each type it introduces the epidemiology, risk factors and potential prevention, aetiology and diagnosis, classification, function, and management of various neurodisabilities. Disabilities covered include cerebral palsy, acquired brain injury, abnormal tone and movement disorder, specific learning disorders (including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia), autism spectrum disorder, learning or intellectual disabilities, developmental coordination disorder, and inborn errors of metabolism. The chapter finishes with developmental disabilities in the developing world, outlining the opportunities, challenges, and possible solutions to improving care in low- and middle-income countries.

Neuro-orthopaedics is a clinical specialty that combines neurology and orthopaedics in a systematic multidisciplinary approach to musculoskeletal issues that arise from disorders affecting the nervous system. The chapter begins by covering the spectrum of neuromuscular disorders that interfere with control and functioning of the muscles, and provides an approach to diagnosis and management. Gait analysis and common orthopaedic problems are outlined. Orthopaedic management of cerebral palsy is discussed, along with spasticity management and hip surveillance strategies. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, myelomeningocele, and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy are also described.

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