The aim of this study was to evaluate the upper and lower pharyngeal airway dimensions were affected by different skeletal malocclusions.Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of 120 subjects were used to measure the pharyngeal airway and were divided into three groups (each group included 40 subjects) according to ANB angle: Class I (ANB angle 2 o ≤ ANB ≤ 4 o ), Class II (ANB angle(ANB ≥ 6 o ), and Class III (ANB angle ≤ 0 o ). Various linear cephalometric airway measurements (14 measurements) were used to evaluate pharyngeal airway at various levels. Statistical analyses were performed Using the ANOVA and student t-test.Results: PNS-ppw1 (p < 0.001) and McNamara' lower pharynx dimension (p < 0.05) showed a statistically significant difference between the groups. Two out of 14 variables ie Ba-PNS and t-ppw showed a statistically significant difference between male and female. In both measurements, the difference is significant only in the Class II group with the level of significance being (p < 0.001) in Ba-PNS measurement, and (p < 0.05) in t-ppw measurement. In both measurements males have statistically significant higher mean values than the females. Conclusion:The dimensions of pharyngeal structures were not affected by the changes of the ANB angle. The sagittal skeletal pattern does not seem to influence the variations in the upper airway dimension. There was no significant difference in the dimensions of pharyngeal structures among males and females. Clinical significance:The upper and lower pharyngeal airway dimensions are affected by different skeletal malocclusions can significantly aid in Orthodontic treatment planning.

BACKGROUND Eye is one of the most vulnerable area of infection and is constantly exposed to variety of pathogens, but infections occur when the normal defence of the eye is compromised. The bacterial and fungal aetiologies and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern vary according to geographical and regional location. In this region of East Godavari District, no recent data is available regarding this, which highly justifies the study. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify the prevalent bacteria and fungus causing ocular infection that prevail in the community. To characterise the predisposing factors leading to ocular infection. To establish effective empiric therapy for control of common ocular bacteriological infection by the antibiotic sensitivity study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted in Ophthalmology OPD/IPD of GSL Medical College and General Hospital during the period from October 2011-February 2013. Samples collected under aseptic precautions. A total number of 170 culture-positive ocular infections out of 210 clinically diagnosed cases served as study group and 30 culture-positive cases out of 40 normal persons served as control group. RESULTS Among the 170 culture-positive cases, 72.95% yielded pure bacterial isolates, 22.94% yielded pure fungal isolates and 4.11% yielded a mixed culture. The overall male: female ratio is 1.54:1. The Gram-positive cocci were resistant to clindamycin and penicillin and Gram-negative bacilli were highly resistant to gentamicin, aztreonam and 3 rd generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSION More importance should be given to microbiological evaluation of each and every ocular infection along with their antimicrobial susceptibility study in order to treat them with appropriate antibiotics thereby preventing ocular morbidity to formulate empiric therapy guidelines to prevent further emergence of resistance of the existing sensitive drugs.