The brain uptake of diazepam from chitosan-based MMEs via nasal route is significantly high compared to i.v route.

The condition of being overweight, expressed as BMI, appears to be a good indicator of risk for IGT, MS, and CVR, particularly in young non-obese subjects (BMI<30).

Our aim was to prepare and determine the pharmacokinetics of injectable lipid nanoemulsions of diclofenac acid for treating arthritic conditions by reducing the frequency of dosing and pain at site of injection. The nanoemulsions of diclofenac acid were prepared by homogenization and ultrasonication process. The sizes and charges of oil globules were determined. The effect of cholesterol on stability of emulsion was studied, and an optimized preparation was developed. The optimized formulations were stable during centrifugation, dilution, and storage. The total amount of drug in emulsion and percentage amount of drug present in emulsion globules were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The drug release from preparation was carried out in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4. The cumulative amount of drug released was estimated using a spectrophotometer. The time course of the released drug in rat serum was determined. Diclofenac concentrations from lipid nanoemulsions were higher than that of Voveran injection (solution form) in serum.

Type-2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic progressive disease, affects 200 million people worldwide will leads to increased death by more than 50% in the next 10 years. The ingested nutrients stimulate the release of gut peptides called incretins, which enhance the insulin secretion from pancreatic β cell, in addition to this, recently, another gut mediated mechanisms called intestine-brain-liver axis to regulate glucose homeostasis by a neural circuit, initiated in the intestine in response to nutrient sensing, that increases sensitivity to insulin levels. In this mini review, the underlying mechanisms of gut related glucose regulation and its impact on the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus.