The study of human thermoregulation is one of the most developed areas of modern physiology and medicine. This is due to the important role of temperature in normal and pathological conditions. Directly or indirectly almost all systems and organs are involved in maintaining of relatively constant temperature in the body, since their normal functioning is closely related to the temperature of the internal environment (temperature homeostasis). Currently, the existence of two systems of thermoregulation is recognized: a physiological organ-based system with a center in the hypothalamus and a molecular system, which manifests itself in the form of the production of proteins (heat shock- and cold shock proteins) and by activation of RNA thermometers in response to heat or cold shock. Based on studies of the variability of chromosomal heterochromatin regions in the genome of human populations permanently living in various climatic and geographical conditions of Eurasia and Africa, as well as individuals well adapted to the extreme conditions of the high altitudes of the Pamirs and Tien-Shan (mountaineers) and the Far North (oil drillers of the Yamal Peninsula, Eastern Siberia), we came to the conclusion that, apparently, there is a third system of thermoregulation at the cellular level (cell thermoregulation). By cell thermoregulation, we mean the removal of excess heat from the nucleus of an interphase cell in order to avoid the harmful effects of high temperature on the complex molecular processes occurring in the nucleoplasm. We believe that some intracellular formations (a dense layer of condensed chromatin around the nucleus, nucleoli, chromocenters and other membraneless bodies) serve as a structural basis for the removal of heat from the cell nucleus, because the material basis of all these temporary structures in the interphase nucleus is the chromosomal heterochromatin regions. In this review, we discuss a set of data, which indicate that cell thermoregulation, may be a missing link between organism and molecular level in maintaining temperature homeostasis in the human body.

Breast cancer is a serious medical problem. The growth of breast cancer is a grave concern, since according to the IARC, about 2.26 million new cases are registered annually, and an increase of 21% -2.74 million is expected in 2030 (Ferlay et al., 2019;Ferlay et al., 2020A;Ferlay et al., 2020B). In the structure of oncological pathology, breast cancer takes the first place (11.7%), followed by lung cancer (11.4%) and colorectal cancer (10%). The incidence rate of breast cancer in the world is 47.8 per 100,000 women. At the same time, high morbidity rates per 100,000 women are observed in such countries as

The article addresses issues oncological diseases in Kyrgyzstan. Incidence of gastric cancer in the Kyrgyz Republic is examined and the risks are analyzed. Statistics are given for regions and groups of residents. It is noted that, despite preventive measures, the number of diseases is growing. It is noted that in the Kyrgyz Republic the incidence among men is 2 times higher than among women. Stomach cancer morbidity rate increases with aging. The sickness peak is noted in age groups of 65–69. Supposedly, it is tied up to the etiological factors of risk.

Introduction: The relevance of the research of the article is conditioned upon the problem of the development of molecular genetic diagnostics to determine the effectiveness of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. The purpose of the article is to identify the polymorphism parameters of the P53 Arg72Pro and XRCC1 Arg399Gln genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with criteria for determining the survival rates of sick children. Materials and methods: Methods for the study of the identified problem are the study of the medical histories of children with acute leukemia, which allowed selection of the necessary contingent of patients for further genetic study of their frozen blood, where the genomic part of deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from the frozen blood in a standard way using molecular biological research when performing a polymerase chain reaction. Results: The article presents the results of a study that shows that in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the frequency of genotypes of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene is variable. The most common genotypes are Arg/Gln and Arg/Arg, approximately 48% each. The Gln/Gln genotype is less common. Relapse-free survival of children with the Arg/Gln and Gln/Gln genotypes was the highest, slightly lower rates were noted with the Arg/Arg genotype. Conclusion: It was identified that the frequency of genotypes of the XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene can be a predictor of prognosis in acute lymphocytic leukemia in children, which can be considered when choosing treatment tactics, and this has practical significance for the field of medicine.

Background:The relevance of the study lies in the fact that although the role of polymorphism of some genes that are responsible for cell apoptosis and deoxyribonucleic acid repair in the development of acute leukemia has already been established, its relationship with the gender of patients has not been studied enough. This study was aimed at studying the relationship between the Arg399Gln polymorphism in the XRCC1 deoxyribonucleic acid repair gene and the Arg72Pro polymorphism in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene encoding the p53 protein with the gender of children with acute leukemia. Material and methods: The study included 100 newly diagnosed pediatric patients of Kyrgyz nationality (69 boys and 31 girls), among which there were 77 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 22 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and 1 patient with a biphenotypic variant. Determination of polymorphisms was carried out by PCR-RFLP analysis or polymerase chain reaction followed by an analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism. The interrelation of the results obtained with the patients' gender was assessed using statistical methods. Results:The study showed that there were no gender differences for all three genotypes of the Arg72Pro polymorphic marker of the tumor suppressor p53 (ТР53). Three Arg399Gln genotypes of the XRCC1 gene also did not depend on gender. However, with a separate analysis of each polymorphism, there was a tendency for a greater proportion of the Arg/Gln genotype in the group of boys compared to girls. The Gln/Gln polymorphism relationship requires further study due to insufficient data for analysis. Conclusion: The study has expanded the understanding of genetic changes and their relationship with gender, which have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications in acute leukemia. The conducted research of the relationship between individual phenotypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with risky polymorphisms in some genes contributes to the study of AL.