The loss of employment is an event that interferes with the lives of everyone affected, causes stress, and can have a negative impact on their health. Meta-analyses show that unemployed people have a worse state of health and a mortality risk that is at least 1.6 times higher than those who are employed. Unemployment is associated with a lower mental and physical health status and, in some cases, with riskier health behavior (particularly tobacco consumption). There are two important theses on the role of social networks in this context: (1) Unemployment changes social networks so that they no longer fulfill their positive function for health (mediator thesis); (2) Unemployment leaves social networks unchanged and persons with resource-rich networks suffer less from health losses due to unemployment (moderator thesis). This article provides an overview of empirical analyses on the topic of networks and unemployment.

Arbeitslosigkeit führt zu Beeinträchtigungen der physischen und psychischen Gesundheit. • Es existieren zwei wichtige Thesen zur Rolle sozialer Netzwerke für diesen Zusammenhang.-These 1: Arbeitslosigkeit verändert soziale Netzwerke so, dass sie ihre positive Funktion für die Gesundheit nicht mehr erfüllen (Mediatorthese).

Background This review summarises the present state of research on health inequalities using a social network perspective, and it explores the available studies examining the interrelations of social inequality, social networks, and health. Methods Using the strategy of a scoping review, as outlined by Arksey and O’Malley (Int J Sci Res Methodol 8:19–32, 2005), our team performed two searches across eight scientific, bibliographic databases including papers published until October 2021. Studies meeting pre-defined eligibility criteria were selected. The data were charted in a table, and then collated, summarised, and reported in this paper. Results Our search provided a total of 15,237 initial hits. After deduplication (n = 6,168 studies) and the removal of hits that did not meet our baseline criteria (n = 8,767 studies), the remaining 302 full text articles were examined. This resulted in 25 articles being included in the present review, many of which focused on moderating or mediating network effects. Such effects were found in the majority of these studies, but not in all. Social networks were found to buffer the harsher effects of poverty on health, while specific network characteristics were shown to intensify or attenuate the health effects of social inequalities. Conclusions Our review showed that the variables used for measuring health and social networks differed considerably across the selected studies. Thus, our attempt to establish a consensus of opinion across the included studies was not successful. Nevertheless, the usefulness of social network analysis in researching health inequalities and the employment of health-promoting interventions focusing on social relations was generally acknowledged in the studies. We close by suggesting ways to advance the research methodology, and argue for a greater orientation on theoretical models. We also call for the increased use of structural measures; the inclusion of measures on negative ties and interactions; and the use of more complex study designs, such as mixed-methods and longitudinal studies.

Zusammenfassung„Sag mir, wie viel Deine Freunde verdienen, und ich sage Dir, ob Du rauchst, welche Krankheiten Du hast und wie alt Du werden wirst!“ Mit dieser etwas zugespitzten Aussage wurde am Anfang dieses Bandes vorgeschlagen, den empirisch gut bestätigten Zusammenhang von sozialen und gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten aus der Perspektive der Netzwerkforschung zu beleuchten. Soziale Netzwerke werden dabei als vermittelnde Instanz auf einer intermediären oder Meso-Ebene verstanden, deren Struktur und Funktion zwischen vertikalen (Einkommen, Bildung, berufliche Stellung etc.) sowie horizontalen (z. B. Alter, Geschlecht, ethnische Herkunft) und gesundheitlichen Ungleichheiten (z. B. Lebenserwartung, Erkrankungsraten) vermittelt (Mediatorfunktion) oder deren Beziehung beeinflusst (Moderatorfunktion). In diesem Beitrag werden die Befunde aus den Kapiteln zusammengetragen und insbesondere die Forschungsdesiderata benannt.

Abstract“Tell me how much your friends earn, and I’ll tell you if you smoke, what diseases you have and how long your life will be!” With this somewhat pointed statement, we wanted to shed light on the empirically well-confirmed connection between social and health inequalities from the perspective of network research at the beginning of this book (see chapter “Social networks and health inequalities: a new perspective for research”). Social networks are understood here as mediating entities at an intermediate or meso-level, whose structure and function mediate between vertical (income, education, occupational status, etc.) as well as horizontal (e.g., age, gender, ethnic origin) inequalities and health inequalities (e.g., life expectancy, morbidity rates). Besides this mediating influence a moderating relationship wherein social networks amplify or diminish vertical and horizontal inequalities seems to be reasonable.