Ceramic surfaces are commonly used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients due to their good tribological properties. Nonetheless, the fracture of ceramic components is among the most demanding complications of total hip arthroplasty. Ceramic failure is a matter of emergency and needs urgent revision arthroplasty. In this regard, the present study aimed to better understand how to diagnose a ceramic component fracture, identify the major risk factors for the fracture of ceramic components, and analyze the different techniques used in revision arthroplasty for ceramic bearing failure. The literature search was performed on PubMed, MEDLINE-Ovid, and Cochrane Reviews. The search keywords included ceramic fracture, ceramic failure, and ceramic arthroplasty revision surgery. A number of 47 articles were selected out of 126 articles found in the initial research. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan must be utilized on suspicion of ceramic component fracture. The most relevant risk factor for head fracture is short neck and 28-mm head combination. Moreover, acetabular cup malpositioning and liner misalignment during insertion are the two major risk factors for liner fracture. There is no consensus on the best revision treatment strategy. Nonetheless, it is necessary to perform a complete synovectomy and an accurate cleaning of the hip joint before the implant of the new components. Stability, integrity, and positioning of both femoral and acetabular components must be evaluated during surgery. If damaged, even well-fixed components should be removed. New ceramic bearing surface is the best option, whereas metal is not recommended for revision surgery.
IntroduzioneLe fratture del pilone tibiale rappresentano circa l'8% di tutte le fratture che interessano la tibia. Sono caratterizzate da lesioni articolari e metafisarie che interessano il mortaio tibiale, spesso accompagnate da comminuzione articolare e lesioni delle parti molli. Per tali caratteristiche anatomo-patologiche i risultati a distanza di 5 anni dal trauma sono nella metà dei casi insoddisfacenti, indipendentemente dalle metodiche di trattamento utilizzate [1]. Le complicazioni maggiori (infezione, pseudoartrosi metafisaria, malallineamento epifiso-metafisario) sono responsabili della maggioranza dei risultati a più alta componente invalidante. La scelta terapeutica deve pertanto tenere in considerazione vari fattori: in primis le condizioni delle parti molli, la qualità dell'osso (che spesso va di pari passo con l'età del paziente), il "pattern" di frattura, in modo tale che la scelta terapeutica, volta al ripristino della congruenza articolare attraverso una fissazione stabile che consenta un precoce ripristino del movimento articolare, tenga in considerazione la necessità del rispetto delle parti molli e la contemporanea facilitazione della guarigione metafisaria. La fratturaLa frattura del pilone tibiale è determinata dalla compressione assiale dell'astragalo sul mortaio tibiale, di solito dovuta a traumi ad alta energia nel giovane e da traumi anche banali nelle persone anziane o con ossa osteoporotiche. A seconda della posizione relativa del piede (dorsi-o plantarflessione) al momento del trauma, il "pattern" di frattura sarà diverso e coinvolgerà maggiormente porzioni centrali, posteriori o anteriori del "plafond" tibiale. L'entità del trauma e/o la qualità ossea saranno responsabili di una maggiore o minore comminuzione sia a livello articolare sia a livello metafisario e della relativa scomposizione epifiso-metafisaria, nonché di eventuali estensioni a livello diafisario. La classificazione morfolo-LO SCALPELLO (2010) 24:89-94 ABSTRACT -THERAPEUTICAL ALGORITHM IN TIBIAL PILON FRACTURES Pilon fractures, classified according the AO classification as fracture type 43 C1, C2, C3, very often involve soft tissue damage. Treatment choice is mainly based on the conditions of the soft tissues, in order to minimize the risk of major complications, responsible for adverse clinical outcome. A pilon fracture with minimal soft tissue damage is best treated by internal fixation. When the soft tissues are significantly involved, a tissue sparing technique, represented by a bridging external fixator, is preferable. After a CT study of the fracture, the final treatment should be performed as soon as the skin and surrounding tissues have reached a normal shape and structure by using either the internal fixation or hybrid external fixation, according to the residual risk of infectious complication and the fracture pattern (i.e. in a C2 fracture internal fixation may be preferable and in a C3 fracture hybrid fixation may be the ideal choice).
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