New reactor concepts as multi-parallel screening systems or disposable bioreactor systems for decentralized and reproducible production increase the need for new and easy applicable sensor technologies to access data for process control. These sophisticated reactor systems require sensors to work with the lowest sampling volumes or, even better, to measure directly in situ, but in situ sensors are directly incorporated into a reactor or fermenter within the sterility barrier and have therefore to stand the sterilization procedures. Consequently, these in situ sensor technologies should enable the measurement of multi-analytes simultaneously online and in real-time at a low price for the robust sensing element. Current research therefore focuses on the implementation of noninvasive spectroscopic and optical technologies, and tries to employ them through fiber optics attached to disposable sensing connectors. Spectroscopic methods reach from ultraviolet to infrared and further comprising fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. Also, optic techniques like microscopy are adapted for the direct use in bioreactor systems (Ulber et al. in Anal Bioanal Chem 376:342-348, 2003) as well as various electrochemical methods (Joo and Brown in Chem Rev 108:638-651, 2008). This review shows the variety of modern in situ sensing principles in bioprocess monitoring with emphasis on spectroscopic and optical techniques and the progress in the adaption to latest reactor concepts.

Die gängigsten Messmethoden zur Bestimmung des pH‐Werts sind elektrochemischer oder optischer Natur. Als Messsysteme sind dabei besonders die Glaselektrode oder aber der pH‐Teststreifen jedem Anwender geläufig. Daneben existieren aber auch weitere Messprinzipien für speziellere Anwendungen z. B. zur pH‐Bestimmung in Geweben, Pasten oder unter extremen Prozessbedingungen. Zudem gibt es Methoden wie die pH‐Messung mithilfe der NMR, die allein aufgrund des apparativen Aufwands über ein Nischendasein nicht herauskommen werden. Die verschiedenen Methoden zur pH‐Bestimmung werden vorgestellt und ihre Vor‐ und Nachteile diskutiert.

z. B. von Proteinen mittels Kernstreuungstechniken und schwingungsspektroskopischen Methoden. Da die Ein-kopplung der IR-Strahlung bzw. der Raman-Laser über Mikroskope erfolgt, können die Proben zudem lichtmikro-skopisch hinsichtlich möglicher struktureller Veränderungen durch den Synchrotronstrahl untersucht werden.

German-Indonesian and German-Singaporean business co-operations face difficulties on both sides, which are linked to cultural differences. Based on field research carried out in the years 2000-2002, this article shows that the nature of the problems occurring in Indonesia and Singapore is different, but that there is also a disjunction in the perception of which problems matter most. Not only contrasting business environments play a role, but also cultural and educational backgrounds of the co-operation partners. With a culturally sensitive approach (like personal relationships based on trust and soft forms of control), however, potential differences can be prevented.

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