At present, the standardisation of electrical equipment communications is on the rise. In particular, manufacturers are releasing equipment for the smart grid endowed with communication protocols such as DNP3, IEC 61850, and MODBUS. However, there are legacy equipment operating in the electricity distribution network that cannot communicate using any of these protocols. Thus, we propose an infrastructure to allow the integration of legacy electrical equipment to smart grids by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this infrastructure, each legacy electrical device is connected to a sensor node, and the sink node runs a middleware that enables the integration of this device into a smart grid based on suitable communication protocols. This middleware performs tasks such as the translation of messages between the power substation control centre (PSCC) and electrical equipment in the smart grid. Moreover, the infrastructure satisfies certain requirements for communication between the electrical equipment and the PSCC, such as enhanced security, short response time, and automatic configuration. The paper’s contributions include a solution that enables electrical companies to integrate their legacy equipment into smart-grid networks relying on any of the above mentioned communication protocols. This integration will reduce the costs related to the modernisation of power substations.
SummaryTo improve the efficiency of electricity distribution, smart grids allow communication between their devices. Pieces of legacy equipment operating in the distribution network do not communicate using any commercial protocol, such as DNP3, IEC 61850, or Modbus. Thus, herein, a middleware is proposed to allow the integration of the legacy electrical equipment into a smart grid using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Each piece of legacy electrical equipment is connected to a sensor node, and the WSN sink node runs a middleware to enable the integration of this device with a smart grid, according to the commercial communication protocols. The middleware model is proposed to guide users in the development of a WSN-based system for integrating electrical equipment into a smart grid. The middleware was validated in a real environment, which is related to the concept of power metering. Experiments were performed using the software supervisory control and data acquisition and distributed test manager to validate the communication between the electrical equipment and the computer of the power substation control centre.
Este artigo apresenta um software para auxílio no ensino de disciplinas que abordam o conteúdo de gerência de memória virtual. São implementados oito algoritmos de substituição de página, incluindo o Ótimo para fins de comparação de desempenho. A ferramenta possui um modo de simulação massiva dos dados, para fins de comparação de desempenho dos algoritmos e um modo interativo, onde o usuário pode visualizar o ”passo-a-passo”de cada etapa do processo de substituição de páginas.
O presente trabalho é um relato de experiência do projeto Oficina do Código: um projeto que tem como categoria de ação o Ensino, Integração e formação de Crianças do Ensino Fundamental e médio de baixa renda da cidade de Fortaleza-CE. A grande motivação do projeto foi a inclusão dessas crianças para que essas sejam capazes de contribuir para o crescimento da sociedade, estimular a criatividade, trabalho em grupo, pensamento lógico e crítico. O projeto é uma parceria da Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza, que custeou os kits de robótica utilizados nas aulas, bem como outros custos com os alunos beneficiados e o IFCE (Instituto Federal do Ceará), que cedeu os laboratórios para as aulas acontecerem. As atividades do Projeto foram feitas através de Aulas Teóricas e Práticas, visando a ambientação e despertar de interesse a projetos básicos de robótica desenvolvidos pelos próprios alunos. Para auxiliar no ensino de programação e prática de eletrônica e robótica foi utilizada a plataforma open source Arduíno.
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