Type I collagen is the major component of many extracellular matrices, and its accumulation characterizes most fibrotic processes. It is synthesized by a small number of discrete cell types, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts and odontoblasts. Analysis of transgenic mice harbouring different segments of the promoters of the mouse pro-alpha1 (I) and pro-alpha2 (I) genes has led to the conclusion that this tissue-specific expression is controlled by different cis-acting elements which are responsible for the expression of type I collagen genes in different type I collagen-producing cells. Transacting factors which bind to these different tissue-specific elements are still unknown, but they probably act by modifying the chromatin structure. In fibroblastic cells, various soluble molecules can modulate the transcription of type I collagen genes. Analysis of the pro-alpha1 (I) and pro-alpha2 (I) proximal promoters has led to the identification of different cis-acting elements which can modulate the expression of reporter genes, in transfection experiments. Among these cis-acting elements, a sequence located between -378 and -183 bp in the human pro-alpha2 (I) promoter appears to mediate the transcriptional effects of transforming growth factor-beta. It binds a large multimeric complex which contains Sp1, as well as AP1 and other DNA-binding proteins which have not yet been identified.
Maintaining pace with ongoing changes due to digitalization is challenging for manufacturing companies. For successful implementation of digitalization, manufacturing companies must consider their existing technical systems, organizational structures, and processes, as well as social aspects. With the support of a maturity model, a company-specific digitalization level can be evaluated to provide manufacturing companies with an initial insight into their particular status quo; this can serve as a starting point for future optimization and digitalization projects. Furthermore, the results of such an analysis allow objective comparison of different areas within the company and with competitors. In this paper, the “Integrierte Arbeitssystemgestaltung in digitalisierten Produktionsunternehmen” (InAsPro) maturity model is presented, which considers the Development, Production, and Assembly product lifecycle phases, as well as Aftersales, and assesses their digitalization level focusing on the four dimensions of Technology, Organization, Social Issues, and Corporate Strategy. The maturity model’s rating scale distinguishes between four maturity levels. The results given by the InAsPro maturity model for an entire company are presented, along with those for each product lifecycle phase. Extensive descriptions for each specific maturity level are also provided.
ZusammenfassungMit dem Ziel, produzierende Unternehmen methodisch bei der Digitalisierung ihrer Arbeitssysteme zu unterstützen, wurde im BMBF-Verbundforschungsprojekt InAsPro (Integrierte Arbeitssystemgestaltung in digitalisierten Produktionsunternehmen) ein anwenderorientiertes, modulares Transformationskonzept entwickelt und in einer webbasierten IT-Anwendung, dem Digitalisierungsplaner, umgesetzt und öffentlich zugänglich gemacht. Kernbestandteile des Transformationskonzepts sind die vier Konzeptbausteine Reifegradmodell, Digitalisierungsstrategie, Technologieatlas und Digitalisierung des Arbeitssystems. Mithilfe dieses InAsPro-Transformationskonzepts können die Unternehmen ganzheitliche Digitalisierungszustände im Hinblick auf Technologie, Organisation und das eigentliche Arbeitssystem bestimmen und individualisierte Digitalisierungsstrategien, -lösungen und -umsetzungsmaßnahmen erarbeiten.
Afin d’évaluer la capacité d’accueil des ripisylves pour la biodiversité, nous proposons un nouvel indice tenant compte des dimensions longitudinale et transversale de l’hydrosystème : l’Indice de Biodiversité et de Connectivité des Ripisylves (IBCR). Constitué de 15 facteurs renseignant des critères liés au peuplement et à sa gestion, au contexte environnant, aux perturbations/pressions et à la connectivité, l’IBCR est un nouvel outil qui fournit aux gestionnaires des cours d’eau des éléments concrets pour diagnostiquer rapidement l’état écologique des ripisylves et orienter la gestion pour la conservation de la biodiversité associée aux linéaires boisés riverains. Pour illustrer l’utilité de cet indice, nous avons étudié la réponse des communautés d’oiseaux aux facteurs de l’IBCR, en distinguant les espèces des milieux forestiers, agricoles, aquatiques et bâtis/rocheux. Nos résultats montrent que les cortèges d’oiseaux répondent de façon assez cohérente aux valeurs de l’IBCR, avec une augmentation de la richesse en espèces d’oiseaux des milieux forestiers avec l’augmentation du score moyen de l’indice. En revanche, les ripisylves ayant un indice de faible score, c’est-à-dire davantage dégradées et déconnectées, favorisent surtout la présence d’espèces d’oiseaux des milieux agricoles. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats soulignent l’intérêt de l’IBCR pour évaluer rapidement les principales caractéristiques des boisements riverains et les capacités d’accueil associées, au moins pour les communautés d’oiseaux.
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