Fetal vitamin D level is known to influence brain development and subsequent postnatal neurodevelopment, although several studies stated that this correlation remains controversial. We aimed to determine the correlation between cord blood vitamin D level and neurodevelopmental status in the first 1000 days of life. This was a cohort study, located in Sukabumi and Waled districts of West Java, Indonesia, from 2016–2019. Subjects were term infants with no congenital abnormalities, born from pregnant women involved in a previously conducted cohort study. The cord blood sample collected at delivery was used to measure 25 (OH)-vitamin D level. Neurodevelopmental status was examined after the infants reached 6, 12, and 24 months of age using Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). Statistical analysis was performed using rank Spearman’s correlation. Blood samples were collected from 116 subjects. The mean value of vitamin D levels was 16.2 ng/mL (8.0–35.4 ng/mL). As many as 12.9%, 65.5% and 21.6% of newborns had vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and normal vitamin D levels. The correlation was found between cordblood vitamin D levels and the problem-solving domain at the age of 12 and 24 months old; r = 0.217, and r = 0.414 respectively. Multiple linier regression analysis result showed a decrease problem solving domain score of 0.641 was associated with decreased of vitamin D. Cordblood vitamin D level correlates with infant neurodevelopmental status. Screening of vitamin D level is crucial during pregnancy and early childhood to improve neurodevelopmental outcome.

Vitamin D influence on brain development and subsequent postnatal neurodevelopment remains controversial. We explored the correlation between cord blood vitamin D levels and longitudinal neurodevelopment in early childhood. A cohort study was conducted on term infants with no congenital abnormalities, born from pregnant women from a cohort study. Cord blood samples were collected to measure vitamin D. Neurodevelopment was examined three times in infants aged 6, 12 and 24 months using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3, which comprises 30 questions of five developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, communication, problem-solving and social–personal. Statistical analysis was conducted with Spearman’s rank correlation and multiple linear regression. Of the 141 babies born from previous cohort studies, only 116 participants were included. The mean level of cord blood vitamin D was 16.2 ng/mL. The percentage participants with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were 12.9 and 65.5, respectively. Cord blood vitamin D and the problem-solving domain for infant aged 12 and 24 months were correlated (r = 0.217 and 0.414, respectively). Multiple linear regression showed a decreased problem-solving domain score of 0.641 associated with decreased vitamin D levels. In conclusion, cord blood vitamin D levels correlated with infant neurodevelopmental status.

Kaledo is one of the special culinary from Central Sulawesi which containing beef bones. The large number of restaurants that provide kaledo in their menus resulted in the amount of beef bone waste that cannot be consumed. This waste can cause environmental problems. However, the bones have the number of minerals, one of them is calcium (Ca). Ca is a mineral that is needed by the body in maintaining body functions. This study aimed to determine the calcium levels in beef bones from kaledo waste which was taken randomly from the kaledo restaurant in Palu. Determination of calcium levels in beef bones from kaledo waste used atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis showed that the water content was 4.5950%, and the ash content was 61.7424%. The analysis of calcium levels measured at a wavelength of 422.7 nm was 19,6800 mg/L. The results of this study are expected to be a source of information about the levels of calcium contained in cow bones from kaledo waste, and it can be used further as a substance in the utilization of beef bones from kaledo waste as a food that can meet the body’s need for calcium intake in preventing stunting.