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Contents viTradition 4: A story from the oral register 89 Tradition 5: Modern print and oral dissemination of tradition 90 III A historical perspective on the geography and peoples of the Ajattappareng region 91 Introduction 91 The central lakes 92 The Saddang river system 100 The River Saddang 100 The evidence for the Saddang's change of course 103 Reconstruction of the former course of the Saddang river 112 The old Saddang delta 112 The Saddang-Sawitto branch 113 The Saddang-Tiroang branch 114 Pao to Sumpang Saddang 117 Causal factors for the Saddang's change of course 117 The relationship between rivers, trade and settlement patterns in the Ajattappareng region before 1600 118 The River Saddang 118 The Marauleng river 128 The Binagakaraeng river 131 The Bila river 133 The languages and people of the Ajattappareng region 135 Linguistic studies and local ethnolinguistic perceptions in the Ajattappareng region 137 Bugis dialects of the Ajattappareng region 137 Massenrempulu languages of the Ajattappareng region 140 Pre-Islamic mortuary practice in the Ajattappareng region 143 Bugis and Makasar mortuary practices 143 Mortuary practices in the Ajattappareng region 146 Massenrempulu mortuary practices 147 A movement of people 151 Conclusion 157 Contents vii Oral tradition form Kadokkong 184 Oral history from Sawitto 186 Oral tradition from Sawitto 188 Oral tradition from Cempa 195 An oral tradition from Alitta 198 Origin, precedence and history 198 V Ajattappareng, 1200 to 1600 201

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The early historical South Sulawesi site Allangkanangnge ri Latanete is reputed to be the location of the palace of the legendary Bugis kingdom of Cina. This vanished kingdom arose in the 13th century AD and disappeared in the 16th century. The Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site is dated to between the 13th and 17th centuries based on Carbon-14 determinations and imported stoneware and porcelain sherds recovered through survey and excavation. The material cultural remains excavated at the site are dominated by earthenware sherds: their frequencies indicate light occupation during the 13th century, a main period of habitation between the 14th and 16th centuries, and a decline during the 17th century. Excavated earthenware vessel forms reflect a range of functions including food preparation and storage. There is evidence of ironworking from iron slag debris, earthenware sherds identified as crucibles rims and local oral history. The excavated area near the summit of the hill is characterised by old Islamic graves, said to be those of the rulers of Cina. However, there is no evidence here for burials older than the 16th century; in earlier centuries, the area on the summit, which is protected by a low stone wall, may have been the location of a wooden palace. Some dozens of stone arrangements scattered over the eastern slope may possibly be associated with marking the burials of cremated remains in jars. The site displays a partially coastal orientation, both in terms of physical proximity and subsistence debris during the 13th and 14th centuries followed by a greater focus on wet-rice production during the 14th to 17th centuries.