No abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a connective tissue graft including periosteum used as a barrier for guided periodontal tissue regeneration in interproximal bony defects. An open flap debridement of a comparable interproximal bony defect in the same patient was used as a control. This study was performed at 2 different clinical centers. Six paired defects were treated at one center, and 16 paired defects at the other. Reentry surgeries were performed at 6 months. Preoperative comparisons of control and experimental sites with respect to clinical parameters and osseous measurements were similar. Post-surgical experimental sites produced more gain in clinical attachment (1.25 mm on buccal and 1.25 mm on lingual sites at center A and 1.26 mm on buccal and 1.18 mm on lingual sites at center B) and osseous defect fill (1.84 mm on buccal and 2.00 mm on lingual sites at center A and 1.66 mm on buccal and 2.04 mm on lingual sites at center B) when compared to control sites. The results of this trial indicate that clinical resolution of interproximal periodontal defects can be obtained with periosteal grafts used as barriers.

Solving service problems has enormous practical consequences for the economy and society because (a) more than 80% of jobs in the United States are in the service sector, with most science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduates working in the service sector; (b) many complex service problems resist traditional optimization solutions; (c) private investments in platform technologies that underlie business and societal service innovations (smart service systems) are on the rise; and (d) the United States lags in public investment in service research behind countries such as Japan, China, Finland, and Germany. The search for service innovation requires new theories and new methods to address problems unique to services, and what little students are being taught about the service sector has not kept up with the rapid growth of STEM jobs in service or with modern entrepreneurial opportunities. We think that effective understanding of complex human-centered service systems requires a new approach that combines multiple methods, perhaps drawing from industrial engineering and operations research, social and behavioral sciences, information systems, and computer science and computational modeling. In this commentary, we outline a series of broad considerations and concerns, fundamental and applied questions, and specific research agenda items for service system innovation.

Retail is undergoing a series of major transformations as platform-based multi-sided marketplaces, like Amazon, Alibaba, eBay, JD.com and Rakuten, are challenging incumbent retailers. From the thriving brick and mortar stores and the development of shopping centers, malls and retail chains throughout the 1900's, retail has become increasingly digital as multisided marketplaces are uniting the online and offline to create more sophisticated and personalized customer experiences. We assimilate these ongoing changes with a service systems perspective into a conceptual framework of how multi-sided marketplaces are integrating their front and back stage processes to create more personalized, convenient, and speedy shopping experiences.