Thermal imaging is an important, though challenging, diagnostic for shockwave experiments. Shock-compressed materials undergo transient temperature changes that cannot be recorded with standard (greater than ms response time) infrared detectors. A further complication arises when optical elements near the experiment are destroyed. We have designed a thermal-imaging system for studying shock temperatures produced inside a gas gun at Sandia National Laboratories. Inexpensive, diamond-turned, parabolic mirrors relay an image of the shocked target to the exterior of the gas gun chamber through a sapphire vacuum port. The 3000-5000-nm portion of this image is directed to an infrared camera which acquires a snapshot of the target with a minimum exposure time of 150 ns. A special mask is inserted at the last intermediate image plane, to provide dynamic thermal background recording during the event. Other wavelength bands of this image are split into high-speed detectors operating at 900-1700 nm, and at 1700-3000 nm for timeresolved pyrometry measurements. This system incorporates 90-degree, off-axis parabolic mirrors, which can collect low f/# light over a broad spectral range, for high-speed imaging. Matched mirror pairs must be used so that aberrations cancel. To eliminate image plane tilt, proper tip-to-tip orientation of the parabolic mirrors is required. If one parabolic mirror is rotated 180 degrees about the optical axis connecting the pair of parabolic mirrors, the resulting image is tilted by 60 degrees. Different focal-length mirrors cannot be used to magnify the image without substantially sacrificing image quality. This paper analyzes performance and aberrations of this imaging diagnostic.

The effect of temperature on the kinetics of glycine influx in isolated gills of Mytilus californianus was studied. Increases in temperature resulted in significant increases in the Jimax for glycine influx over the range 7--23 degrees C (Q10 = 5). Concomitant with this increase in Jimax was an increase in experimentally determined Kt, from 23 microM to 134 microM. The relationship between changes in Jimax and measured Kt was adequately described by an equation that takes into account the influence of unstirred layers on the kinetics of carrier-mediated transport. Use of this equation indicated that the changes in measured Kt could be explained by the presence of an unstirred layer approximately 400 micrometer thick over the transporting surfaces(s) of the isolated gill, and that the "true" Kt of the transport process is 1 microM. The very low values of Kt for amino acid uptake measured in intact muscles (1--3 microM) are revealed to be the product of transport processes of high affinity for substrate and a perfusion system which effectively minimizes the influence of unstirred layers, thereby permitting efficient utilization of substrate at the low concentrations characteristic of these animals' environment.

The use of polymers to improve areal and volumetric sweep efficiency of waterfloods in limestone and dolomite reservoirs has been very limited and has seldom achieved the desired results. Anhydrous polymers, used in calcareous formations, have been generally ineffective. A relatively new process has been developed and field tested whereby a monomer solution is mixed and pumped into the formation. Once in place, the well is shut in and the monomer allowed to polymerize in situ. The resultant polymer may polymerize in situ. The resultant polymer may (within limits) vary in concentration and viscosity as desired. Successful treatments have been performed in carbonate reservoirs in three areas of West Texas and New Mexico, and results have been evaluated and studied over several months. Laboratory work has been done on actual formation rock to determine adsorption characteristics and length of time retained. Introduction Various type treatments have been used in injection wells in an attempt to increase the volumetric and areal sweep efficiency of waterfloods in limestone and dolomite reservoirs. Polymers, slurries, and gelatinous Polymers, slurries, and gelatinous materials are just a few of the more common agents used in this application. Polymers used to increase the viscosity of the injection water may improve the areal sweep efficiency by producing additional oil from streamlines that have been developed between the injection and production wells. Craig defines areal sweep efficiency as follows. "In water-flooding, water is injected into some wells and produced from other wells. In an areal sense, injection and production take place at points. As a result, pressure distributions and corresponding streamlines are developed between injection and production wells. In symmetrical well patterns, a straight line connecting the injector and producer is the shortest streamline producer is the shortest streamline between these two wells, and as a result, the pressure gradient along this line is the highest. So injected water moving areally along this shortest streamline reaches the producing well before the water moving along any other streamline.