Potentially targetable GAs in National Comprehensive Cancer Network NSCLC genes (30%) or intermediate or high TMB (43%, >10 mutations per Mb) were identified in most of the PSC cases. Thus, the use of comprehensive genomic profiling in clinical care may provide important treatment options for a historically poorly characterized and difficult to treat disease.

The lack of robust water markets makes it difficult to value irrigation water. Because water rights are appurtenant to land, it is possible to infer the value of water from observed differences in the market price of land. We use panel data on repeat farmland sales in California's San Joaquin Valley to estimate a hedonic regression equation with parcel fixed effects. This controls for sources of omitted variables bias and allows us to recover the value of irrigation water to landowners in our sample. We show that a more traditional cross-sectional regression results in an artificially low value of irrigation water.

The paper evaluates welfare losses from urban water supply disruptions. The analysis incorporates important features of the water industry that may cause the initial allocation of water to be inecient, namely that there are a large number of retail-level water utilities, and that most water utilities engage in a form of average cost pricing where volumetric rates are used to nance xed expenses. We consider a sample of 53 urban water utilities in California collectively providing service to over 20 million customers. We calculate shortage losses for these utilities using existing water rates and utility-specic price elasticities derived from a demand estimation based on a panel data set of 37 California water utilities. Welfare losses for an annual 10% shortage ranging from an average of $1,458 per acre-foot of shortage to an average of $3,426 per acrefoot of shortage for a 30% supply disruption. The results indicate a household-level willingness-to-pay to avoid an annual shortage of approximately $60 to $600 depending on the shortage size and location. Beyond average losses, we also nd evidence that there is substantial variation in shortage losses across utilities. For a 30% supply disruption, for example, the standard deviation across utilities of mean annual losses per acre-foot is $4,102.

No abstract

No abstract