Introduction: Stunting has been a global burden worldwide, resulting in severe outcomes, including inadequate brain development until mortality. Early breastfeeding initiation as a global strategy affects the success of continuous breastfeeding that influences the children’s growth and development. This study aimed to provide a literature review on how early breastfeeding initiation might help children avoid stunting. Methods: We searched articles published from 2017 to 2022 in PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and the Indonesia Database with keywords “Early breastfeeding initiation” OR “Early breastfeeding” OR” Early Initiation Breastfeeding” AND “stunting.” All data were gathered and analyzed. Results: A total of 12 articles from 6690 articles met the inclusion, exclusion, and eligibility criteria. The mean of early breastfeeding initiation was 61,82%, with the lowest study in Chimborazo and Tungurahua, Ecuador, and stunting was 33,07% as the highest prevalence was in Chimborazo and Tungurahua, Ecuador, while the lowest in Saharawi refugee camps, Algeria. The mean prevalence of children who did not get early breastfeeding initiation and stunting occurred at 40,85%, and eight studies reported that early breastfeeding initiation was associated with stunting. Conclusion: Early breastfeeding initiation can lower stunting risk in children. Early breastfeeding initiation ensures children obtain enough colostrum that enhances the children’s immunity and probability of exclusive breastfeeding, ensuring children obtain adequate nutritional intake and prevent stunting.

In children, acute diarrhea and functional constipation (FC) are still more prevalent in Indonesia, especially in isolated islands, and need comprehensive management. This study aimed to determine the effect of community development from the Department of Child Health Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, on Mandangin Island’s public knowledge about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 subjects from Mandangin Island, Sampang, Indonesia on 17th February 2022. Subjects were given education and dissemination as community development by pediatricians via hybrid and could ask questions and discuss at the end of the presentation. The subject’s knowledge was measured using a pre-and post-test questionnaire about children’s acute diarrhea and functional constipation. Each questionnaire (diarrhea and functional constipation) consisted of 5 questions, with a minimum score of 0 and the maximum score of 100. The subject's knowledge was compared before and after the webinar using Paired T-Test and p<0,05 was measured as significant. We assessed the subject’s age, gender, occupation, and last education. There was a significant increase in public knowledge about diarrhea (26,9±18,7; 55,1±24,3; p=0.000) and functional constipation pre-and post-webinar (24,8±18,2; 48,3±24,2; p=0.000). These findings support the importance of community development with education about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children.

Background: Diarrhea is the most common cause of death in under-five children. Bloody diarrhea comprises around 10% of all cases of diarrhea and may lead to severe complications until death. This study examined the characteristics of bloody diarrhea in children under five years old in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya from 2013 to 2017. Material and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from Dr. Soetomo General Hospital's inpatients with bloody diarrhea from 2013 to 2017. Gender, age, nutritional status, clinical symptoms, degree of dehydration, and laboratory results were assessed, and the data were presented in percentage (%) Results: Fifty-six samples were included in this study. The main demographics were male (58,9%), aged 7-24 months (44,6%), and normal nutritional status (66,1%). Meanwhile, the most notable manifestations were stool mucous (55,3%), mild to moderate degree of dehydration (60,7%), and leukocytosis (62%). Eleven patients (39,2%) had temperatures ≥380C. Leukocytes were positive in 93.7% of the stools. Furthermore, amoeba was found in 46,8% of samples. The serum electrolyte result showed hyponatremia (18%) and hypokalaemia (15%). Conclusion: The primary demographics of bloody diarrhea in under-five children admitted to Dr. Soetomo General Hospital were males, 7-24 months of age, and with normal nutritional status. The most frequent manifestations were mucous in stool, mild to moderate dehydration, leucocytosis, as well as positive leucocytes and amoeba in the stool.

In children, acute diarrhea and functional constipation (FC) are still more prevalent in Indonesia, especially in isolated islands, and need comprehensive management. This study aimed to determine the effect of community development from the Department of Child Health Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, on Mandangin Island’s public knowledge about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 subjects from Mandangin Island, Sampang, Indonesia on 17th February 2022. Subjects were given education and dissemination as community development by pediatricians via hybrid and could ask questions and discuss at the end of the presentation. The subject’s knowledge was measured using a pre-and post-test questionnaire about children’s acute diarrhea and functional constipation. Each questionnaire (diarrhea and functional constipation) consisted of 5 questions, with a minimum score of 0 and the maximum score of 100. The subject's knowledge was compared before and after the webinar using Paired T-Test and p<0,05 was measured as significant. We assessed the subject’s age, gender, occupation, and last education. There was a significant increase in public knowledge about diarrhea (26,9±18,7; 55,1±24,3; p=0.000) and functional constipation pre-and post-webinar (24,8±18,2; 48,3±24,2; p=0.000). These findings support the importance of community development with education about acute diarrhea and functional constipation in children.

Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder (FGID) knowledge is important for healthcare workers (HCWs), particularly in isolated islands, such as Mandangin island, Sampang, Indonesia. Video conferencing technology has been globally used as medical education media to educate among HCWs. This study examined the effectiveness of video conferencing technology about Childhood FGID in limited resources HCWs. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 20 HCWs from Mandangin’s community health center along with community medicine by the Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital. The subject was assessed for general characteristics and FGID pre-test to examine HCWs’ knowledge before the seminar through video conferencing. FGID pre-test was consisted of seven questions and randomized for FGID post-test after the seminar and the question-answer part was done. The pre-and post-test was compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test using SPSS version 20.0. Among 20 subjects, 80% were female, and 45% had the last education of Diploma Degree (D-3). There was a significant difference between pre-and post-test among subjects (p<0,05), of which 16 (80%) subjects had an increase in post-test compared to the pre-test result. Health education using videoconferencing technology effectively increased knowledge about childhood FGID in limited resources healthcare workers and expected to be a sustainable program in the community health center.