Objectives While gastritis and esophagitis are well studied in children, there is very limited literature on duodenitis in children. We aimed to assess the prevalence, etiology, clinical, endoscopic, and pathological features in a large cohort of unselected children with duodenitis. Methods We reviewed the pathology reports of all upper endoscopies performed at our institution over 5 years to identify children with duodenitis. Biopsy sections were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of duodenitis. Demographic, clinical, endoscopic data and presence of associated gastritis and esophagitis were noted in all children with duodenitis. Etiology of duodenitis was correlated with the patient's clinical diagnosis. Results Out of 2772 children who had endoscopy, 352 had duodenitis with the prevalence rate of 12.7%. Gastritis was seen in 64% of children with duodenitis compared with 46% of children without duodenitis (P < 0.001). Common indications for endoscopy in children with duodenitis were abdominal pain, positive celiac serology and diarrhea. The most common etiology was celiac disease (32%), followed by Crohn's disease (13%), ulcerative colitis (3%), and Helicobacter pylori infection (6%). In 63% of cases, endoscopic appearance of duodenum was normal. Cryptitis, villous changes and cellular infiltration were noted on histology. Conclusions Prevalence of duodenitis is 12.7% in children undergoing endoscopy. Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are common causes of duodenitis. Associated gastritis is common in children with duodenitis and correlation of endoscopic appearance with histology is poor.

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The BRAF mutation is the most common genetic aberration in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), found in up to 68% of PTC in adults where it is associated with aggressive features. The incidence of this mutation in pediatric PTC is less frequent, reported as 0%-20% in the past and up to 63% in one recent series. Data suggest the mutation is not associated with an aggressive course in children; however, there are limited numbers of reported case series, so the prognostic implications remain poorly understood. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the histologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of BRAF positive pediatric PTC at a single institution. A 12-year retrospective review of all thyroidectomies performed at a tertiary medical center identified 59 pediatric cases with a surgical pathology diagnosis of PTC. Fifty patients had BRAF mutation analysis data and were selected for further study. BRAF mutations were present in 48% of cases (n = 24) and absent in 52% (n = 26). The molecular characteristics of the BRAF negative cases will further be evaluated in future studies. BRAF positive cases occurred in patients who were on average older than the BRAF negative patients. Classic histology PTC was present in both BRAF positive and negative cases; however, only cases with classic PTC histology were positive for the mutation. No patients died and BRAF mutation was not associated with an increased recurrence rate. Our study supports BRAF is more common in children than previously thought and does not portend a more aggressive clinical course.

Histopathologic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGT) are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Pediatric patients have a higher incidence of IBD-associated gastritis and duodenitis than do adults. This study aimed to identify histopathologic features of duodenal lesions in the pediatric population that are characteristic of IBD, compared to duodenal pathology of different etiopathogenesis. We performed a retrospective analysis of UGT biopsies from pediatric patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of duodenitis (0-18 years of age) over a 7-year period. We identified 40 cases of duodenitis associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and 10 cases associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) and compared the histopathologic characteristics of the duodenitis with age-matched controls consisting of 40 cases duodenitis associated with celiac disease and 40 non-Helicobacter pylori-associated (NOS) etiology duodenitis cases. The histologic features that were evaluated included presence of granulomas, duodenal cryptitis, erosion, lamina propria eosinophils, villous blunting, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and crypt hyperplasia, among others. Additionally, we evaluated the presence of associated gastritis in all of these groups. Statistical analysis to identify significant differences was performed using Kruskal-Wallis testing. Cryptitis was the most distinctive feature of IBD-associated duodenitis. Granulomas were exceptionally rare. The severity of villous blunting and presence of IELs was significantly different in the IBD versus the celiac group. There is a significant overlap with duodenal lesions of different etiopathogenesis, including villous blunting and eosinophilia. With the exclusion of granulomas, cryptitis seems the most distinctive feature of the duodenal lesions associated with IBD.

Congenital cystic lung lesions (CCLL) are a group of rare pathologies that are usually diagnosed in the pre-natal period. The majority of these lesions are diagnosed at pathology examination as congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) and bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS). These lesions are typically managed by surgical intervention within the first year of life and have an excellent prognosis. We examined the evolution of imaging appearances from prenatal diagnosis to postnatal work-up of these lesions and correlate imaging and pathological findings. An 8-year retrospective review of the perinatal and pathology database of a single tertiary care center identified 42 cases of CCLL of which 36 had known prenatal ultrasound and prenatal course available. Final pathologic diagnoses were: 15 CPAM (41%), 7 BPS (19%) and 9 hybrid BPS and CPAM lesions (25%). Five cases with bronchial atresia were also identified (either in isolation or associated with CPAM or BPS). The overall characteristics of these lesions by prenatal ultrasound, postnatal imaging, and ultimate histopathologic diagnosis are described.