Good outcome is strongly predicted in patients with persistent delusions by a cognitive measure, while this was not the case in controls. Thus we argue that positive outcome in CBT is due in part to specific effects on delusional thinking.

No abstract

A revised version of the CST was validated by comparing depressed patients with anxious patients, recovered depressed and anxious patients and normal controls. Other measures included three severity of illness scales (the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and three well-established cognitive scales (the Automatic Thought Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale). Depressed patients were differentiated from normal controls on all subscales of the CST and the three other cognitive scales. They were similarly differentiated from recovered depressed patients, except for negative interpretations relating to the self when age was covaried. Anxious patients were significantly differentiated from depressed patients on total level of negative thinking, negative interpretations of unpleasant events and negative thinking relating to the world when age was covaried. Hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes also differentiated depressed and anxious patients. Face validity and concurrent validity for the new scale are provided. The specificity of negative thinking to depression and the possibility of a vulnerable cognitive style are discussed.

No abstract

Arylmetals are highly valuable carbon nucleophiles that are readily and inexpensively prepared from aryl halides or arenes and widely used on both laboratory and industrial scales to react directly with a wide range of electrophiles. Although C–C bond formation has been a staple of organic synthesis, the direct transfer of primary amino (–NH2) and hydroxyl (–OH) groups to arylmetals in a scalable and environmentally friendly fashion remains a formidable synthetic challenge because of the absence of suitable heteroatom-transfer reagents. Here, we demonstrate the use of bench-stable N–H and N–alkyl oxaziridines derived from readily available terpenoid scaffolds as efficient multifunctional reagents for the direct primary amination and hydroxylation of structurally diverse aryl- and heteroarylmetals. This practical and scalable method provides one-step synthetic access to primary anilines and phenols at low temperature and avoids the use of transition-metal catalysts/ligands/additives, nitrogen-protecting groups, excess reagents and harsh workup conditions.