Cognitive style in depression

Abstract

A revised version of the CST was validated by comparing depressed patients with anxious patients, recovered depressed and anxious patients and normal controls. Other measures included three severity of illness scales (the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and three well-established cognitive scales (the Automatic Thought Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale). Depressed patients were differentiated from normal controls on all subscales of the CST and the three other cognitive scales. They were similarly differentiated from recovered depressed patients, except for negative interpretations relating to the self when age was covaried. Anxious patients were significantly differentiated from depressed patients on total level of negative thinking, negative interpretations of unpleasant events and negative thinking relating to the world when age was covaried. Hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes also differentiated depressed and anxious patients. Face validity and concurrent validity for the new scale are provided. The specificity of negative thinking to depression and the possibility of a vulnerable cognitive style are discussed.

Influence of the Municipal Merger on Local Government Employees’ Stress Response in Japan

“…Thus, only the workers involved in the former type of services may have identified themselves with Items 2 and 13 which, therefore, were excluded from the MMSQ structure. It should be noted, however, that external pressure as a form of evaluation from others should never be considered less important 35,36) , and further research is needed to clarify its effects. In the past, stress studies on company merger tended to explore stressful situation in general.…”

Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis

“…The Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis (CBQp) format was based on the Cognitive Style Test (CST), 1 consisting of 30 vignettes of everyday events (half pleasant and half unpleasant). Respondents imagine themselves in each situation and choose 1 of 4 possible cognitive responses to the scenario, representing general depressive distortions such as selective abstraction and overgeneralization.…”

“…This was investigated by correlating CBQp total and theme scores with the CST, 1 and each of the 5 cognitive biases with its equivalent task/questionnaire (see Measures).…”

“…1,[33][34][35][36][37][38] They consist mostly of case scenarios, whereby respondents indicate how they would usually respond in such situations. However, many of the case vignettes are inappropriate for people with psychosis; they typically revolve around achievement or interpersonal situations that assume the respondent is in employment or in a long-term relationship and are unlikely to resonate with such patients ("A special dinner gets spoilt because the main dish is slightly burnt" 1 ; "You noticed recently that a lot of your friends are taking up golf and tennis").…”

“…Work through the questions fairly quickly, making sure you pick the option that is nearest to what your immediate reaction might be. 1. Imagine you receive a letter and you notice it is not sealed.…”