The increasing use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in small animals has resulted in the development of new and innovative additions to this class of drugs. Examples of NSAIDs now available for use in small animals include aspirin, etodolac, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib, and tepoxalin. The purposes of this article are to review the pathophysiology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition, the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and potential adverse reactions of aspirin and the newly released NSAIDs.

The diagnostic approach to forelimb lameness in dogs should include shoulder pathology as a differential with multiple assessments used to determine the clinical cause of lameness.

Objective: Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is common following renal transplantation in cats and people. Aldosterone potentiates ongoing renal injury; however its role in CAN is less defined. Spironolactone, an aldosterone receptor blocker, is protective in other rodent models of renal injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate spironolactone on the development of CAN in a rat model Animals: Fisher and Lewis, adult, male rats. Procedures: A Lewis to Fisher model of CAN was used. Rats were divided into 4 groups, 2 nephrectomy controls (CON) and 2 transplantation (TX) groups. Two groups (a CON and TX) received tap water (0.25 ml/day orally), and the remaining 2 received spironolactone (10 mg/kg orally) daily for 16 weeks post transplantation. Serum creatinine concentration, urine-protein: urine-creatinine (UP: UC), and changes in renal cortex gene expression were measured during and at 16 weeks after transplantation. Results: There were no significant differences in any of the outcome measures when the 2 TX groups were compared. TX rats had significantly more (p=0.0002) histological lesions consistent with CAN and elevation in TNF-α (p=0.0402) compared to CON animals. Conclusions and clinical relevance: In this study, spironolactone did not protect against the development or progression of CAN. Impact for human medicine: The impact of aldosterone on the occurrence of CAN in humans following renal transplantation remains an area of investigation.