Increased dependency on technology and data usage has simultaneously enhanced the risk exposures and vulnerabilities of organizations globally. This paper investigates this issue in India by analyzing the survey-based data we collect and provides a framework for qualitative assessment of cyber risks. The paper uses the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to validate the conceptual cyber-risk model that we have developed using the key-risk factors, such as the level of awareness, perceived risk likelihood, level of cyber-security, and cyber-risk exposures. The study results show that the risk vulnerability and the perceived risk likelihood have a positive impact on risk exposure, while risk awareness, cybersecurity, and control measures have a negative relationship. This study also identifies the causal factors among the exposures and the findings can help organizations prioritize their cybersecurity protection investments and caution insurers to take necessary mitigation measures for effective cyber-risk management and financing for their clients.

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Morbidity and Mortality have also been a reason for concern for the insurers as increased morbidity and mortality contribute to a higher cost of claims including claim frequency. Currently, there are only two rating factors (Age and types of cattle) being adopted by the insurers while determining the premium rates and there is no risk-based pricing adopted for Cattle Insurance in India. The main objective of this paper is to identify the important rating factors influencing the mortality and morbidity trends among different cattle types in India. Secondly, there is a need to examine whether the mortality and morbidity trends vary across different parameters like animal type, breeds, age, gender, agro-climatic zone, types of formers/animal owners, etc. If it varies, then to find out the degree of variations and also measure the impact of these rating factors on cattle mortality. This paper focuses on the analysis of the morbidity and mortality of cattle across different types of cattle, breeds, age groups, gender, and different agro-climatic regions, etc. Further, it also examines the differences in cattle management practices; particularly the frequency and the quantity of feed, types, and quality of feed (nutritional value) given, animal healthcare management, exposure to catastrophic risk hazards, etc., with a view to developing risk-based pricing for cattle insurance. This would help insurers to understand the changes in cattle mortality and morbid trends and also build a comprehensive mortality table across different types and breeds of cattle. This would also immensely help the insurers in determining risk-based premium rates among different types of animals, their breeds, geographic regions, customer types, etc. which would enable in developing sustainable cattle insurance portfolio in the Indian insurance market. The output of the analysis can also be used by the insurers to develop index-based livestock insurance as well as parametric insurance.

The objective of this study was to learn more about consumers’ and physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about generic medicines, as well as the problems in guaranteeing generic medicine acceptance and utilization. The aim of our study was to figure out what would improve physician acceptance and customer acceptance. The study included qualitative research with focus group conversations with physicians from various fields of medicine, as well as a cross-sectional survey with 102 customers in Pune divided into two clusters utilizing a questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to see if there were any differences between the components, that support favorable opinions of Generic Medicines and those that support negative perceptions of the same. Customers were positive, about the usage of generic drugs according to the findings. The findings showed a preference to use them on doctor’s prescriptions and Government or other regulatory agencies approval. Physicians also proposed that the government should make it mandatory for generic medicines to be prescribed by doctors and launch a robust public awareness campaign to encourage their use in India. There was an acceptance that, using generic medicine would significantly lower healthcare expenses. The physicians believed that generic bioavailability and bioequivalence were important factors to consider when deciding whether or not to prescribe generics. Clinical trial data and serious adverse event (SAE) data, should also be made available to the medical community so that transparent and independent decisions can be made.