There is little information on the metabolic and endocrine responses to milk feeding in the neonatal period particularly in relation to the model of nutrition and composition of the milk. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) together with blood levels of glucose, ketone bodies, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol were measured pre- and post-prandially in 79 health six-day-old term infants who had been either breast fed or fed on a modified cow's milk formula (Cow and Gate Premium) from birth. Formula fed infants had a greater insulin and GIP response to feeding and their basal and postprandial blood ketones were considerably lower than in breast fed infants. In addition a significantly greater post feed rise in both lactate and pyruvate concentrations was observed with formula feeding. These results may have significant implications regarding infant feeding and postnatal metabolism.
SUMMARY Pre‐ and post‐prandial circulating concentrations of metabolic fuels and plasma insulin are documented in 59 patients with severe epilepsy while receiving either a normal diet, the classical high‐fat ketogenic diet, a medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) diet, or a modified MCT diet. All three therapeutic diets improved the control of epilepsy and induced a significant increase in the concentrations of blood aceto‐acetate and 3‐hydroxybutyrate, the greatest elevation being seen in patients on the classical diet. The classical diet also caused a significant decrease in blood alanine values, which was not observed with the other therapeutic diets. The only consistent change to occur in all patients on therapeutic diets was an increase in plasma uric‐acid. The mechanism by which ketogenic diets improve seizure control remains to be elicited. RÉSUMÉ Effets métaboliques de trois régimes cétogèniques utilisés dans le traitement d'épilépsies sévères chez I'enfant Les concentrations circulatoires pré et postprandiales de métabolites énergétiques et d'insuline plasmatique ont été analysées chez 59 patients atteints d'épilepsie grave et recevant un régime normal, un régime cétogénique à haute teneur lipidique, un régime de triglycérides à chaines moyennes (MCT) ou un régime MCT modifié. Les trois régimes thérapeutiques améliorérent le contrôle de l'épilepsie et induisirent une élévation significative de la concentration sanguine des acétoacétates et 3‐hydroxybutyrates, l'élévation la plus marquée correspondant au régime le plus hyperlipidique. Ce même régime provoqua également une baisse des taux sanguins d'alanine, non observée avec les autres régimes thérapeutiques. La seule modification consistente apparue chez tous les patients sous régime thérapeutique fut un accroissement du taux plasmatique d'acide urique. La raison pour laquelle les régimes cétogéiiques améliorent le contrôle des crises reste àélucider. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Metabolische Wirkungen von drei ketogenen Diäten, die zur Behandlung von Kindern mit schwerer Epilepsie angewendet wurden Bei 59 Patienten mit schwerer Epilepsie, die entweder eine normale Kost, eine fettreiche, ketogene Diät, eine Diät mit mittelkettigen Triglyceriden (MCT) oder eine modifizierte MCT Diät erhielten, wurden die prä‐ und postprandialen Konzentrationen verschiedener Metaboliten, sowie die Plasmainsulinwerte gemessen. Alle drei therapeutischen Diäten verbesserten die Epilepsiekontrolle und erhöhten signifikant die Konzentrationen von Azetoazetat und 3‐Hydroxybutyrat im Blut, wobei die höchsten Spiegel bei Patienten mit einer fettreichen Diät festgestellt wurden. Die fettreiche Diat bewirkte auflerdem einen signifikanten Abfall der Blutalaninwerte, was bei den anderen therapeutischen Diäten nicht beobachtet wurde. Die einzige gemeinsame Veränderung bei alien Patienten mit einer therapeutischen Diät war ein Anstieg der Harnsäure im Plasma. Der Grund fur die Verbesserung der Epilepsiekontrolle durch ketogene Diäten muß noch herausgefunden werden. RESUMEN Efectos metabólicos de tres d...
Kiwifruit were analyzed for the presence of lipoxygenase (LOX) after mass-spectrophotometric analysis of kiwifruit pulp showed the presence of hexanal and hex-2-enal, considered to be break-down products of the reaction initiated by LOX. A spectrophotometric assay showed high levels of LOX when compared to other fruits and vegetables. Kiwifruit have at least one isoenzyme belonging to the class II group of LOX iso-enzymes, similar to -those identified in asparagus,-&-umber. tomato and aoole. The LOX reauired detergent-solubilization and was partially piified. Relative td other kno& lipoxygenases kiwifruit LOX is heat-stable. It catalysed the hydroperoxidation of free fatty acids but not trilinolein.
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