No abstract

No abstract

Before widespread, informed collaboration can take place in conservation there must be a process of understanding the different approaches employed by different conservation organizations to conserve biodiversity. To begin this process and to help build understanding and collaboration, we provide a conceptual map of 21 approaches currently being implemented by 13 conservation organizations. We examined each of these approaches according to (1) the nature of the conservation target—the object(s) of the conservation action; ( 2 ) whether the question addressed is where conservation should be done or how conservation should be done; ( 3 ) the scale ( both grain and extent ) of the approach; and (4 ) the principles that underlie the approach. These questions provide a good way of distinguishing between most of the approaches and reveal that there is less competition between them than is assumed. We conclude that only with explicit understanding can the conservation community and its supporters critically compare approaches and come to a consensus about a set of metrics for measuring and achieving global conservation.

No abstract

Twenty years ago, in 2000, the term “forest landscape restoration” (FLR) was first defined by a group that included among others, all of the authors on this paper. Today, FLR is widely accepted and promoted among diverse groups, at all levels, from the political to the scientific. To mark FLR's 20th anniversary, we look back at major progress and challenges faced to implement this concept since its definition. We explore specifically five questions: (1) What are the top achievements and milestones related to FLR in the last 20 years? (2) What are key FLR products? (3) What are major FLR projects worth showcasing? (4) What have been significant obstacles to FLR in the last 20 years? (5) What are priorities taking FLR forward? Our intention with this article is to contribute contextual material for the launch of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration as well as to the many other ongoing FLR initiatives around the globe.