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Phosphatidylserine (PS) extracted from pig brain and synthetic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) were used to make DPPC/DMPC and DPPC/PS large unilamellar liposomes with a diameter of approximately 1 microm. Chlorpromazine-HCl (CPZ), an amphipathic cationic psychotropic drug of the phenothiazine group, is known to partition into lipid bilayer membranes of liposomes with partition coefficients depending on the acyl chain length and to alter the bilayer structure in a manner depending on the phospholipid headgroups. The effects of adding CPZ to these membranes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and proton cross polarization solid state magic angle spinning (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP-MAS-(13)C-NMR). CP-MAS-(13)C-NMR spectra of the DPPC (60%)/DMPC (40%) and the DPPC (54%)/DMPC (36%)/CPZ (10%) liposomes, show that CPZ has low or no interaction with the phospholipids of this neutral and densely packed bilayer. Conversely, the DPPC (54%)/PS (36%)/CPZ (10%) bilayer at 25 degrees C demonstrates interaction of CPZ with the phospholipid headgroups (PS). This CPZ interaction causes about 30% of the acyl chains to enter the gauche conformation with low or no CPZ interdigitation among the acyl chains at this temperature (25 degrees C). The DPPC (54%)/PS (36%)/CPZ (10%) bilayer at a sample temperature of 37 degrees C (T(C)=31.2 degrees C), shows CPZ interdigitation among the phospholipids as deduced from the finding that approximately 30% of the phospholipid acyl chains carbon resonances shift low-field by 5-15 ppm.

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IntroductionLignosulfonates or sulfonated lignins specify the complex anionic polymers that are recovered from liquors from the pulping industry. Over the years this product has evolved from being conceived as a waste material to become a refined chemical that constitutes a viable alternative to synthetic chemicals in many applications. A general overview of typical applications for lignosulfonates is given by Gargulak and Lebo [1] and their summary is still valid. Recently, a review [2] summarizing some advances on chemical characterization of lignosulfonates was published. In this chapter we will present recent advances in typical speciality applications within the agrochemical industry. Development of a lignosulfonate-based superplasticizer for the construction industry is also mentioned. We also discuss the production process of lignosulfonates and review literature on the fate of lignosulfonates released into the environment. LignosulfonatesLignosulfonates are used in a wide range of different applications; common to most of them is that lignosulfonates are used as a dispersant. In suspensions, lignosulfonate Surfactants from Renew able ResourcesEdite d by Mika e l Kje llin a nd I nge g ärd Johansson