The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Cumene Oxidation (Hock Process) 4.2. Dehydrogenation of 2‐Propanol 4.3. Propene Oxidation 4.4. Oxidation of 2‐Propanol 4.5. Oxidation of p ‐Diisopropyl Benzene 4.6. Fermentation of Biomass 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications and Analysis 7. Storage and Transportation 8. Uses 8.1. Methyl Methacrylate 8.2. Bisphenol A 8.3. Aldol Chemicals 8.4. Solvent Uses 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health 11. Derivatives 11.1. Acetone Cyanohydrin 11.2. Diacetone Alcohol 11.3. Miscellaneous Derivatives

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Hydroxylammonium ions were extracted from commercial aqueous streams containing essentially hydroxylammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and sulfuric acid with a selectivity factor of 6-10 by contacting the neutralbed feed stream with a kerosene solution of bls(Bethylhexy1) phosphate and trioctylphosphine oxide saturated with ammonia. The organic phase was then stripped with an aqueous solution of a strong acid and could be recycled after saturation with ammonia while hydroxylammonium salt could be recovered by fractional crystallization from the aqueous solution. A process for the recovery of hydroxylammonium sulfate employing countercurrent extraction, reflux, and stripping stages was conceived and partly demonstrated. M was estimated that in order to remove >99% of hydroxylammonium sulfate and produce a 99% pure hydroxylammonium sulfate solution, ten extraction, eight reflux, and two stripping stages are required. IntroductionTechnical solutions of hydroxylamine are made by the Raschig process and typically contain hydroxylammonium, ammonium, and hydrogen ions in corresponding approximate concentrations 1.8 N, 4.7 N, and 1.9 N. The counterion is largely sulfate with small amounts of nitrate also present. The technical solutions are commonly called "hydrox" solutions. In previous work (Koff et al., 1980(Koff et al., , 1982 we described a process for the recovery of hydroxylamine from hydrox solutions using a sulfonic acid resin in the ammonium form. In the loading step of that process, hydroxylammonium ions from the solution displaced ammonium ions from the resin in an essentially statistical manner, while in the regeneration step aqueous ammonia was used to selectively displace hydroxylamine from the resin. In this way relatively pure, concentrated hydroxylamine solutions were obtained from which crystalline hydroxylammonium salts could be recovered by neutralization with an appropriate acid followed by evaporation. The process relied on the strong basicity of ammonia relative to hydroxylamine for the selective displacement of hydroxylamine by ammonia in the regeneration step. In this report we describe a process for the recovery of hydroxylammonium salta from neutralized hydrox solution which is based on the selective extraction of hydroxylammonium ions by liquid ion exchange (Figures 1 and 2). When the loaded extractant is subsequently stripped with an aqueous solution of a strong acid, relatively enriched solutions of the corresponding hydroxylammonium salt are obtained from which the crystalline salt can be recovered by fractional crystallization. Moreover, we show that by employing several reflux stages it is possible to obtain relatively pure hydroxylammonium salt solutions from which the crystalline salt can be obtained by simple crystallization.