PurposeA high level of air pollutants can increase the number of patients with allergy-related diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). To analyze the association between air pollution and allergic disease, we investigated 2 areas in Korea: Incheon, an industrial area, and Jeju, a non-industrialized area.MethodsSecond grade students at elementary schools (11 schools in Incheon and 45 schools in Jeju) were examined in a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used and a skin prick test was performed. The levels of NO2, CO2, O3, particulate matter (PM) PM10/2.5, formaldehyde, tVOCs, and dust mites in the classrooms and grounds were determined.ResultsThe levels of outdoor CO, PM10, and PM2.5 were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The levels of indoor CO, CO2, PM10, PM2.5 were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rates of AR symptoms at any time, AR symptoms during the last 12 months, diagnosis of rhinitis at any time, and AR treatment during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rate of wheezing or whistling at any time, and wheezing during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01).ConclusionWe found that the children living in Incheon, which was more polluted than Jeju, had a higher rate of AR and asthma symptoms compared to children in Jeju. To determine the effect of air pollution on the development of the AR and asthma, further studies are needed.

Osteoclasts, cells responsible for bone resorption, generate 3D resorption pits by attaching to the bone surface and excavating the underneath bone matrix. Changes in trabecular bone microstructure due to these excavations may be detrimental to overall bone strength. However, most studies on bone resorption analyze osteoclastic activity using 2D staining techniques which do not correctly show the effects of a 3D resorption pit. Therefore, in this study, our goal was to (1) understand how osteoclastic bone resorption pits are generated temporally by focusing on the changes in resorptive area and resorptive depth and (2) understand how changes in the number of osteoclasts, increases in pit area and depth individually contribute to the eventual increases in overall resorption pit volume at each time period. We accurately measured the changes in resorption pit volume, depth, and area by using 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy and counted tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts and pit number by using conventional 2D staining techniques at Day 7, 14, and 21 after osteoclasts were seeded on dentine slices (Day 0). Resorption pit numbers significantly increased by Day 7 and then decreased by Day 14 and the level was maintained until Day 21. The numbers of osteoclast per resorption pit are similar at Day 7 and Day 14 but the number significantly decreases at Day 21. Pit depth and pit volume both increased between Day 7 and Day 14 but only pit volume continued to increase between Day 14 and Day 21. These results indicate that up to Day 7, the dispersed osteoclasts generate many individual pits on various spots of the dentine surface. Between Day 7 and Day 14, several osteoclasts in the process of fusion appear to target a single pit and then the larger fused osteoclasts with more resorptive efficiency excavate resorption pits deeper resulting in the increase in pit volume. Between Day 14 and Day 21, osteoclastic bone-resorbing activities appear to be significantly decreased due to osteoclast degradation.

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