No abstract

β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) is a major milk protein, making up more than 53% of the total whey proteins, and is seen as a valuable ingredient in food processing because of its high essential amino acid content and diverse functional applications. The Maillard reaction can occur during the storage and processing of food and generate various beneficial effects, including antiallergenicity, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. The addition of an β-LG-lactose conjugate (LGL) produced by the Maillard reaction was shown to have a strong immune-enhancing effect, increasing both nitric oxide generation and cytokine expression through activation of RAW 264.7 cells, even after in vitro digestion. Furthermore, daily LGL administration resulted in the upregulation of several immune markers in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mouse model, indicating that this treatment stimulates multiple immune cells, including macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, enhancing the proliferation and activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Taken together, these findings indicate that consuming LGL on a regular basis can improve immunity by increasing the natural production of various immune cells.

Advanced glycation end‐products(AGEs) accumulate in human skin serves as the UV photosensitizer, and UVA inducing the formation of photoexcited states of these photosensitizers with subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more AGEs sensitizers. In this study, we demonstrated that combined action of AGEs and UVA cause higher risk of skin damage and evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of Actinidia Chinensis rind ethyl acetate extract (ACRE‐E) in HaCaT keratinocytes. ACRE‐E exhibited ability to attenuate UVA‐induced ROS generation which was measured by using DCFH‐DA reagent. To quantify AGEs formation, immunostaining of AGEs in UVA irradiated HaCaT cell was performed. Exposure to UVA causing high immunoreactivity in cells but in the presence of ACRE‐E, the immunoreactivity level was lower. This indicated that the ability of ACRE‐E to attenuate ROS generation contribute considerably to the suppression of AGEs formation. Topical application of ACRE‐E may confer protection against UVA‐induce oxidative stress and AGE formationGrant Funding Source: Korea university

Blueberry has attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Blueberry contains a diverse of biological properties such as antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. The aim of this study is to confirm the effect of blueberry extracts on skin pores contraction through antioxidant activity, quantification of tannin contents, protein aggregation assay and inhibition of 5‐alpha‐reductase type 1 mRNA expression. Blueberry was extracted with 70% ethanol and then fractionated with hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, BuOH and water to get active fractions. Antioxidant activity of each fraction was determined by using the DPPH and FRAP assay. All fractions had high antioxidant activities, tannin contents than crude extract, but blueberry ethyl acetate (BB‐E) fraction was at the top of the list. Protein aggregation of blueberry fraction has an effect as compared with positive control tannic acid. The major factor contributing to excess sebum is 5‐alpha reductase type1 which related to enlarge skin pores. We confirmed that blueberry fractions reduced 5‐alpha reductase type1 expression in HaCaT using RT‐PCR method. In conclusion, we expected the beneficial effect of blueberry on skin pores contraction.Grant Funding Source : Ipeeres Ltd.

Proteins and reducing sugars can be conjugated by glycation reaction which is Maillard reaction. We have tried to find a new functional material through this reaction. In the previous study, we found that there was a potency of immune‐modulating effect on alpha‐lactalbumin (LA) and dextran (D) conjugate (LADC). There was no a significant difference between LA and LADC in terms of immune response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. However, in this study, the immune‐enhancing effects of high molecular weight portion of LADC were shown DLA in RAW 264.7 was shown. LA and D were dry‐heated at 60¡É and 79% relative humidity for 1 and 15 days. SDS‐PAGE analysis was used to confirm the occurrence of the conjugated formation. 100 kDa membrane cut‐off was carried out to gain a high molecular weight portion of LADC. Immune‐enhancing effects were screened by nitric oxide (NO) production. TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 cytokines were estimated in vitro. Data showed that the high molecular weight cutoff portion of LADC (LADCCO) showed dramatically increase of NO production. Also, LADCCO treated group presented high expression of immune‐related cytokines, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, our study suggests that high molecular weight cutoff portion of dextran glycated with alpha‐lactalbumin might be a new useful material for enhancing the immune responses.