No abstract

The current study investigated the inhibiting effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in a cell-based study of standardized rosmarinic acid enriched extract (SRAEE) prepared from Thunbergia laurifolia leaves. HPLC chromatogram revealed that rosmarinic acid is a major component in prepared SRAEE, followed by caffeic acid. SRAEE exhibited antioxidant activity both in vitro and cell-based studies. SRAEE showed scavenging effects on nitric oxide and superoxide anion and inhibition effects on lipid peroxidation in vitro. SRAEE also inhibited ROS and MMP-1 production in normal human dermal fibroblast cells induced by H2O2 and UVA, respectively, without exerted cytotoxicity. Additionally, collagen degradation was protected by SRAEE induced by UVA. Nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) productions were also inhibited by SRAEE in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells induced by combined lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The results indicated that SRAEE is a potential candidate as a natural pharmaceutical active ingredient for cosmeceutical product application.

Gum arabic provides very good volatile retention during the drying process as shown in the spray drying of citrus oil, ester, citral and linalyl acetate. Despite its emulsification ability and good retention of volatiles for flavour encapsulation, the high cost, the limited availability and the existence of impurities have been deterrents against the use of gum arabic. The chemical and physicochemical properties vary depending on the source, tree age, time of exudation, type of storage and storage conditions. The gum from Acacia senegal is considered to be the best quality for use as an emulsifier. Gum arabic is a complex mixture that contains polysaccharide, protein and arabinogalactan protein.

Encapsulation is widely used to stabilise sensitive ingredients, or control their delivery in a diverse range of applications, including foods and drinks, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, household products, and in industrial applications. There are numerous technologies available for the production of microcapsules, in which the active ingredient is either coated with, or embedded in, a second material. The second material is usually a polymer and designed to isolate the active until its release is triggered by an external stimulus. Some typical encapsulation agents are polysaccharide gums (gum arabic, agar, sodium alginate, carrageenan etc), other carbohydrates (starch, dextran, sucrose, corn syrup, etc), and proteins (gluten, casein, gelatin, albumin, etc.).