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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects the aged population globally. This study aimed to explore how oral-and intraperitoneal-rotenone-induced PD alters brain urea levels, histopathology, and key Parkinsonism-related genes in the striatum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for histopathology assessment and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for gene expression. Rotenone 3 mg/kg body weight (Rot-3-ip) for 21 days and rotenone 50 mg/kg body weight (Rot-50-po) for 28 days significantly (p < 0.05) altered alpha-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression and Snca, Becn1 and Prkaa1 gene expression in the striatum. Lewy bodies were visible in both Rot-3-ip and Rot-50-po rat brains. There were contrasting features in brain and liver histopathology between the oral and intraperitoneal rotenone treatment groups. However, there was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in the brain urea levels between intraperitoneal and oral rotenone treatment groups. The propagation of PD through oral and intraperitoneal rotenone can have different impacts on the pathological sequence of events based on the molecular approach.

Parkinson’s disease is one of the major neurological disorders seen worldwide and associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms. Rotenone-induced motor and behavior impairments could involve the gut-brain axis which is emphasized in several recent works. To explore how oral and intraperitoneal rotenone toxicity impacts neurobehavioral alterations in Wistar rats. The effect of intraperitoneal (3 mg/kg body weight 21 days) and oral (50 mg/kg body weight for 28 days) rotenone toxicity in male Wistar rats on various neurobehavioral parameters viz., rotarod, actophotometer, rearing behavior and elevated plus maze was comparatively studied. The neurobehavioral studies such as the Rota-rod test, rearing behavior, Elevated plus maze (EPM), and Actophotometer were performed by following standard published protocols and by utilizing the facilities available at the Institution. Kruskal-Wallis one- way ANOVA on ranks with Student-Newman-Keul’s multiple comparisons was used. It was found that both oral and intraperitoneal rotenone treatments had a significant impact on neurobehavioral parameters when compared to their respective controls. Although there were few differences observed in the study set behavioral parameters between intraperitoneal and oral rotenone treatments, it was not significant. The study findings suggest that neurobehavioral alterations caused by oral or intraperitoneal rotenone toxicity are found to be significant. The fact that oral rotenone toxicity has gut-brain axis- related problems can also have a role in PD-related motor/movement and anxiety behavior dysfunctions.

Parkinson disease (PD) is involved in the damage of neurons of the brain that secretes dopamine. Understanding the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease helps to develop effective management methods. Hence, the present work aimed to unravel to observe the variations, if any, in the parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers between oral and ip rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Male Wistar rats weighing between 250-300g were housed in solid bottomed polypropylene cages under strict veterinary supervision and maintained in rooms with 12hrs light / dark cycle. The randomly selected male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups, with six rats in each group. The study results provide scientific evidence for marked changes in both the oxidative and anti-oxidant parameters, followed by the ip and po rotenone administration. It is the need of the time to consider the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties while developing the newer treatment modalities for the management of PD.

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