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This discussion aims to find a sustainable community-based development model through a multi-stakeholder participatory approach. Rural planning in Indonesia has undergone significant changes in the last decade. Community-based development and participation is now an established agricultural development planning policy. Community participation produces planning and design decisions based on community needs, priorities, and affordability which often results in better and more realistic designs, plans, and programmes. In the development of kampung tourism, implementing community participation can reduce cost, increase the use of local resources, and socially empower the community. Kampong Grangsil is a hamlet of hardworking and civic-minded flower farmers. These farmers and members of their community organized and developed their village into a tourism destination that they named Kampoeng Boenga Grangsil (KBG) -Grangsil Flower Village. The high level of community participation as well as a Villages Partner Development Programme, made possible through the collaboration of village governments and university research teams, succeeded in making KBG into what it is today. Mentoring, through in-situ assistance (in Grangsil) and ex-situ assistance (at the Campus and Woodcraft Gallery), was carried out to strengthen resources. Throughout the mentoring programme, the research team acted as both a mediator and facilitator for developing Grangsil into an environmentally-friendly tourism destination. The role and involvement of mediators in the participatory development process increased the ability of communities to organize and build sustainable villages.

The rate at which a monomolecular film is deposited onto a solid substrate in the Langmuir-Blodgett process of preparing supported monolayer films influences the final structure of the transferred film. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopic studies of monolayers transferred to germanium substrates show that the speed at which the substrate is drawn through the air/water interface influences the final conformation in the hydrocarbon chains of amphiphilic film molecules. This transfer-induced effect is especially evident when the monolayer is transferred from the expanded region of surface-pressure-molecular-area isotherms at low surface pressures; the effect is minimized when the film molecules are transferred from condensed phases at high surface pressures. This phenomenon has been observed for both a fatty acid and a phospholipid, which suggests that these conformational changes may occur in a variety of hydrocarbon amphiphiles transferred from the air/water interface. This conformational ordering may be due to a kinetically limited phase transition taking place in the meniscus formed between the solid substrate and aqueous subphase. In addition, the results obtained for both the phospholipid and fatty acid suggest that the structure of the amphiphile may help determine the extent and nature of the transfer-speed-induced structural changes taking place in the monomolecular film.

Structural analysis of humic acid extracted from a Cecil soil was conducted by atomic force microscopy (AFM) of monolayer thin films of humic acid deposited on mica strips using the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique. The humic acid specimens display a fibre-like morphology showing prominent hexagonal structures of benzene rings at a molecular level of resolution. The side chains attached to these ring structures were identified by infrared spectroscopy to be carboxyl and carbonyl groups as indicated by absorption bands at 1625 and 1720 cm -1 , respectively. The presence of C-H alkyl chains were detected by bands at 2917 and 2850 cm -1 . This AFM observation provides the first direct evidence supporting the theoretical description of humic acid molecules consisting of benzene rings with various sizes of alkyl chains.

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