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The present study aimed to optimize dyes of mixed Aspergillus and Paecilomyces and to evaluate dyes of the fungi in coloring cotton cloth. Different initial pH values (3, 5, 7, and 9), temperatures (24, 27, and 30°C), carbon sources (lactose, glucose, and sucrose,) and nitrogen sources (monosodium glutamate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and yeast extract) of the medium related to dyes and biomass production; and they coloring on cotton cloth were analysed. The optimum culture conditions for the dyes production by the mixed fungi was achieved at pH 9 (4.074 ± 0.0621 UA/L), a temperature of 24°C (4.4145 ± 0.1530 UA/L), with sucrose (4.1503 ± 0.0711 UA/L) as a carbon source, and sodium nitrate (4.0730 ± 0.0459 UA/L) as a nitrogen source, while for the maximum biomass production was obtained at pH 5 (3.7303 ± 0.1432 g/L), a temperature of 30°C (4.2997 ± 0.0372 g/L), with sucrose (2.965 ± 0.5431 g/L) as a carbon source, and monosodium glutamate (4.2697 ± 0.2843 g/L) as a nitrogen source. Culture conditions generated various shades on cotton cloth dyed with the fungal dyes. The intensity of color produced on the dyed cotton cloth by the fungal dyes was in line with the concentration of the dyes.

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The impact of forest fire in 1997 and 1998 on the mycorrhzae was studied at the dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In unaffected forest more than half of total ectomycorrhizae distributed in the organic layer but in the fire-affected forest one and a half years after the fire, total amount of mycorrhizae was smaller and they were found in deeper soil. The number of morphotypes of mycorrhizae was also smaller in fire-affected forest. An artificial plantation established after clear cut and prescribed burn had the largest amount of ectomycorrhizae, but the diversity was smaller than the unaffected forest. After four years, mycorrhizae had not yet recovered in fire-affected forest although the organic layer had recovered. Pioneer species of mycorrhizal fungi (early-stage fungi) developed sporocarps around the surviving hosts in severely affected forest and this suggests the start of secondary succession of mycorrhizae. In moderately affected forest, the species composition of mycorrhizal fungi which fruited during the study was similar to those of unaffected forest. This fact suggests that such sites may be the refugia of symbionts and be important in reforestation.

Abstract. Various means are available to control Ganoderma boninense, however none of those methods are efficacious. Biological control agents method is one of promising way to control the pathogen, that has eco-friendly-mannered. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of bacterial strains and the application of some environmentally friendly fine chemicals including ammonium, calcium, and salicylic acid in suppressing of mycelia growth of G. boninense. In vitro results showed that among eight strains, EB13, as identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, has reduced G. boninense growth diameter significantly (P<0.05%) at the highest percentage (81%). It followed by MB31, MB72, MB58 and MB41 74%, 74%,71% and 63%, respectively. Conversely MB20, EB45 and EB53 did not suppress the fungal pathogen growth. The chemical control test indicated that salicylic acid has inhibited the growth of the pathogen significantly at the highest percentage of 52% (P<0.05%). The lowest growth inhibition was by ammonium nitrate (2%). On the contrary, calcium chloride could not inhibit the G. boninense growth. Further assessment on pH in PDA media containing of 200mM ammonium was conducted in order to increase the inhibition activity of the ammonium nitrate. The result exhibited that the medium containing ammonium nitrate with pH 8.5 has reduced G. boninense growth significantly at the highest percentage (53%).It followed by pH 8.0 and pH 7.5 at 10% and 2%, respectively.