Land use-land cover (LULC) change analysis is essential for understanding the spatial and temporal change of landscape during a known long period for sustainable management of natural resources. The main objective of this study was to assess land use-land cover change using an object-based image classification technique which is a recent image classification technique with better accuracy than traditional pixel based image classification. The study was conducted in the catchment area of the Irga River, a tributary of the Barakar River, which falls in the Giridih district of Jharkhand (India). The catchment of the study area was delineated using SRTM DEM data (30 m spatial resolution). LANDSAT images (TM and OLI-TIRS) were used to develop the land use- land cover maps of 1997, 2007, and 2017 using object-based image analysis (OBIA). The images were classified and analyzed using ArcGIS and eCognition Developer 64 software. The accuracy of the classified images for each year was assessed by preparing the error matrix and calculating the Kappa coefficient. The overall accuracies of classified images were computed to be 88%, 83% and 91% while Kappa coefficients were found to be 0.8455, 0.7706 and 0.8796 for year 1997, 2007 and 2017 respectively. Over the 20 years (1997-2017), agricultural land increased by 12.23%, settlement increased by 76.62%, wasteland decreased by 39.59%, vegetation increased by 14.83%, water-bodies increased by 26.29%, and river area decreased by 16.66%. The analysis indicated an increasing trend in agricultural land, settlement, and vegetation while decreasing trends in wasteland and river areas. However, no definite trend was observed in the extent of the water-bodies.The results indicated that waste land greatly reduced and converted into settlement and agricultural land in the catchment.

Heterogeneous Integration provides a powerful and cost-effective means for building complex Systems-in-Package (SiPs). Recently, sophisticated examples of heterogeneously integrated packages containing nearly 50 dies, many fabricated by different vendors on different technological nodes, have been demonstrated. In general, interconnect pitch scaling and integration of large number of dies on a package leads to an exponential increase in material interfaces. Furthermore, the shrinking of the size of vertical interconnects in proportion to the pitch makes them heterogeneous in material phase composition or susceptible to oxide growth at the bond interfaces. Thus, reaction-diffusion problems play a critical role in the reliability of Heterogeneously Integrated packages. In general, numerical modeling can serve as a critical aid to understanding the formation of the phases and their evolution with current or temperature. Two significant challenges to modeling reaction-diffusion problems are the derivation of governing balance laws at the moving interface and developing an efficient computational technique for tracking the motion of the interface. Diffuse interface methods that use implicit geometric description of the interface such as the phase field method is widely used for solving problems with moving interfaces. The disadvantages of implicit interface methods are the complexity of the governing equations in diffuse form, the need for adaptive mesh refinement near the interface and the computational expense due to the implicitization of the geometry. In this study, we describe the derivation of general thermodynamic conditions governing the motion of the interface and develop diffuse as well as sharp interface computational methods to simulate reaction-diffusion problems in general. We then model the growth of Cu-Sn intermetallic compound in microbumps as well as voiding in the solder joint under elevated temperature and current. The models are compared against observations of phase evolution in fabricated test devices.

The assessment and analysis of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes are required to identify the land use changes from year to year which plays a critical role in planning and implementation of developmental activities. The present study aims to assess LULC changes in Samastipur district of Bihar using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The LULC maps were prepared using LANDSAT-5 and LANDSAT-8 images by adopting object based image classification technique. Assessments of LULC changes were done @ 5 years, @ 10 years and @ 20 years during 2000-2020. The results indicated that the agriculture land coverage increased at high rate during 2000-2005 and 2005-2010; and after that it is increasing at slow rate. The natural vegetation coverage is continuously decreasing during years 2000-2020 while settlement is continuously increasing during this period with notable increase during 2000-2005 and 2015-2020. In the time interval of 10 years (2000-2010), the agriculture land area increased by 22.17%; natural vegetation area decreased by 38.04%; the water-bodies decreased by 46.69%; sand and barren land decreased by 61.27% and settlement area increased by 15.62%. Over the next 10 years (2010-2020), area covered by agriculture land, settlement, water-bodies and sand and barren land increased by 8.05%, 38.30%, 26.27% and 44.65% respectively while area covered by natural vegetation decreased by 75.24%. During time interval of 20 years (2000-2020), agriculture land area and settlement area increased by 32% and 59.91% respectively while natural vegetation, sand and barren land and water-bodies decreased by 84.66%, 43.98% and 32.68% respectively. The analysis of the results indicates that the natural vegetation has decreased at fast rate in the recent years. Therefore, proper attention is required towards stopping of cutting of natural vegetation in the district to save the environment.

No abstract

No abstract