Tapeworm infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Recent metagenomics studies have established a link between gut microbiota and parasite infection. The identification of gut probiotics is of foremost importance to explore its relationship and function with the parasite in the host. In this study, the gut content of hosts infected with tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and non-infected host gut were disected out to determine their Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) population in MRS agar and microbial community was analysed by metagenomics. The bacterial count was calculated on a bacterial counting chamber and their morphology was determined microscopically and biochemically. Further, to determine the safety profile antibiotic resistance test, antimicrobial, hemolytic activity, and adhesion capability were calculated. We found six dominant probiotic strains and a decrease in LAB load from 1.7–2.3 × 107 CFU/mL in the uninfected group to a range of 8.4 × 105 CFU/mL to 3.2 × 105 CFU/mL in the infected groups with respect to an increase in the parasite number from 10–18. In addition, we found a depletion in the probiotic relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an enrichment in potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Streptococcus. Phylogenetic analysis of the six probiotics revealed a close similarity with different strains of L. brevis, L. johnsonii, L. taiwansis, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, and L. pentosus. Thus, this study suggests that the parasite inhibits probiotic colonization in the gut during its early establishment of infection inside the host.

Biomedical diagnostic research is becoming increasingly important in the modern medical profession. Infectious disease inspection, initial detection, chronic disease treatment, clinical services and well-being hunt down are the various applications of biosensors. Advanced biosensor technology permits the identification of the disease and the examination of the patient’s responses to medication. Sensor technology is crucial for a broad range of low-cost and practicable developed medical appliances. Biosensors offer many possibilities because they are unambiguous, ascendable and capable of synthesizing procedures. Cardiovascular disease(CVD) is now recognized as the leading cause of death. It is estimated that the number of people dying from heart disease and stroke will approach 20 million by 2015. The risk event of unexpected death associated with it can be minimized by recognizing the challenges involved in its beginning, symptoms, and early detection. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide an idea for the diagnosis and therapeutics of CVD. Biosensors, created to be utilized as quick screening instruments to detect disease biomarkers early on and classify the condition, are revolutionizing CVD diagnosis and prognosis. Biosensors have become faster, more accurate, portable, and environmentally friendly diagnostic equipment as a result of advances in interdisciplinary study domains.